{"id":24177,"date":"2014-02-03T12:33:35","date_gmt":"2014-02-03T11:33:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dana.ggiants.de\/crystal-structures-of-nanomaterials\/"},"modified":"2024-06-19T15:12:30","modified_gmt":"2024-06-19T13:12:30","slug":"crystal-structures-of-nanomaterials","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/en\/safety\/cross-cutting\/crystal-structures-of-nanomaterials\/","title":{"rendered":"Crystal Structures of Nanomaterials"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Depending on external conditions such as temperature or pressure, atoms may arrange themselves in various ways in lattice structures. Therefore, for some materials with the same proportions of contained elements, different crystal structures exist. <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_b9e9395286233f41aea957abe9492004\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Nanomaterials<\/span> with different crystal structures may differ in important physicochemical properties (e.g. reactivity or <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_8cff53b3a623c668f8a0af7f66e9ca09\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">photocatalytic activity<\/span>). Accordingly, in such cases only a specific <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_1e422d9280ea67ad33ada08d77a9065a\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">crystal structure<\/span> is used for a given application. The different crystal structures are not only relevant for the various technical applications, but can also affect the behavior and <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_cc620b51ff25781d3b94409bfe1fb7a5\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">toxicity<\/span> of nanomaterials.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5852\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5852\" style=\"width: 471px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5852\" title=\"Example of different crystal structures of the same material. Titanium dioxide occurs in the different forms anatase, rutile or brookit. \" src=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/TiO2-engl.png\" alt=\"Example of different crystal structures of the same material. Titanium dioxide occurs in the different forms anatase, rutile or brookit. \" width=\"471\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/TiO2-engl.png 1016w, https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/TiO2-engl-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/TiO2-engl-768x528.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 471px) 100vw, 471px\"\/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5852\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of different crystal structures of the same material. Titanium dioxide occurs in the different forms anatase, rutile or brookit.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">An example for such a material is <a title=\"titanium dioxide - material information, DaNa knowledge base\" href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/knowledge\/materials\/titanium-dioxide\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">titanium dioxide<\/a> (TiO<sub>2<\/sub>). To sun screen or as white pigment in paints it is mainly added in the rutile form, whereas for photocatalytic applications (such as self-cleaning surfaces) predominantly the anatase form is used.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In addition to titanium dioxide a number of other nanomaterials come in different crystal structures, e.g. <a title=\"iron oxide - material information, DaNa knowledge base\" href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/knowledge\/materials\/iron-and-iron-oxides\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">iron oxide<\/a>, <a title=\"silicon dioxide - material information, DaNa knowledge base\" href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/knowledge\/materials\/silicon-dioxide\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">silicon dioxide<\/a> or carbon. The latter can occur in the form of diamond or graphite (a stack of multiple <a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/knowledge\/materials\/graphene\/\">graphene<\/a> layers). Because of its <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_e0f4f9ce3dda7d6eddbb3c626d709cc0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">hardness<\/span>, <a title=\"diamond - material information, DaNa knowledge base\" href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/knowledge\/materials\/diamond\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">diamond<\/a> is used for example for cutting concrete, whereas graphite is used a lubricant due to the good deformability of its crystal lattice. Consequently, the varying material properties of different crystal structures open a broad spectrum of applications.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The various crystal structures of nanomaterials have to be taken into account when analyzing potential <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_7fc5eb40ae9ced824898b7a4ee0502cd\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">adverse effects<\/span> on organisms or the environmental behavior. The physico-chemical properties of the materials are known to differ depending on crystal structure.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">As was demonstrated for titanium dioxide, the anatase and rutile modifications differ in their toxic effects on organisms and cells <sup>[1-3]<\/sup>. Anatase shows a toxic effect on cells <sup>[3]<\/sup> and organisms <sup>[1,2]<\/sup>, while rutile was found to be non-toxic. On the one hand, the photocatalytic effect of the anatase titanium dioxide, which contributes to the formation of reactive oxygen species (<span class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_509cb3506b50ce9dd881baa3ed84432c\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>ROS<\/span>) is discussed as potential reason. On the other hand, it is known that the rutile form is poorly soluble in water. Therefore, it is believed that the rutile titanium dioxide may <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_a97b3032273e3adef4d8c731eae23fe4\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">agglomerate<\/span> and subsequently <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_6904d6a38967e24f812a72b998572f37\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sediment<\/span> in aqueous test media, and hence organisms and cells are exposed to particles only for short periods <sup>[1]<\/sup>. Likewise, such influences of the crystal structure on the toxic effects have been described for other nanomaterials.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Additionally, the different crystal structures can influence other nanomaterial properties such as <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_3f02e12ef126d44580357f4433aa03c8\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">solubility<\/span> or sorption of other substances.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In summary, the crystal structure is an important property of nanomaterials, which can influence the behavior of the materials, and thus also modulate potential toxic effects.<\/p>\n<p><br class=\"clear\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong><em>Literature<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Clement L et al. (2013), <a title=\"Clement L et al. (2013), Chemosphere, 90: 1083-1090\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.09.013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chemosphere, 90: 1083-1090.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Ji J et al. (2010), <a title=\"Ji J et al. (2010), Chem Eng J, 170(2-3): 525-530\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2010.11.026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chem Eng J, 170(2-3): 525-530.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Sanders K et al. (2012), <\/span><a title=\"Sanders K et al. (2012), Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 258(2): 226-236\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2011.10.023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 258(2): 226-236.<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Depending on external conditions such as temperature or pressure, atoms may arrange themselves in various ways in lattice structures. Therefore, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5957,"parent":24163,"menu_order":99,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-24177","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Crystal Structures of Nanomaterials - MANTRA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/en\/safety\/cross-cutting\/crystal-structures-of-nanomaterials\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Crystal Structures of Nanomaterials - MANTRA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Depending on external conditions such as temperature or pressure, atoms may arrange themselves in various ways in lattice structures. 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