{"id":24806,"date":"2024-07-15T11:08:01","date_gmt":"2024-07-15T09:08:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/safety\/faqs\/"},"modified":"2024-07-15T11:44:13","modified_gmt":"2024-07-15T09:44:13","slug":"faqs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/en\/safety\/faqs\/","title":{"rendered":"FAQs"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"24806\" class=\"elementor elementor-24806 elementor-24706\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98b8e03 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"98b8e03\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-700d487 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"700d487\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b6b70f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7b6b70f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Definitions<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b59af2 dce-posts-layout-default dce-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"0b59af2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"style_items\":\"default\",\"accordion_start\":\"none\",\"accordion_close_other_sections\":\"yes\",\"accordion_speed\":{\"unit\":\"ms\",\"size\":300,\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts  dce-skin-accordion dce-skin-accordion-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-wrapper-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8143 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-01_definitions\" data-dce-post-id=\"8143\" data-dce-post-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tAre <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_b9e9395286233f41aea957abe9492004\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">nanomaterials<\/span> per se toxic or dangerous?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">No, they are not. The size of a material alone does not determine its <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_cc620b51ff25781d3b94409bfe1fb7a5\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">toxicity<\/span>. Most substances exerting hazardous effects in the nano-size show the same toxic effects for larger sizes \/ bulk material. However, the <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_5bd815081aef5477a0b0a38216d0fcaa\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">exposure<\/span> and distribution within organisms may differ, e.g. nanomaterials can reach deeper regions of the lung upon inhalation whereas this is not possible for larger particles.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8144 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-01_definitions\" data-dce-post-id=\"8144\" data-dce-post-index=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tAre nanomaterials more dangerous compared to micro- and larger particles?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Nanomaterials have unique properties, which make them so interesting for many novel applications. At the same time, concerns arose, whether these new properties lead to unexpected hazard towards humans and the environment. Many research activities were performed to tackle this question. So far, no unique mechanisms of hazard exclusively occurring for nanomaterials were discovered. The toxicity of a substance is rather determined by the type of material than by its size.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8183 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-01_definitions\" data-dce-post-id=\"8183\" data-dce-post-index=\"2\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat is a nanomaterial?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>UPDATE!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">In <strong>2011<\/strong>, the European Commission published a first common definition of the term &quot;nanomaterial&quot; (2011\/696\/EU). This was updated in <strong>2022<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>&#x2018;Nanomaterial&#x2019; means a natural, incidental or manufactured material consisting of solid particles that are present, either on their own or as identifiable constituent particles in <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_85a4af35ff6815c52938264a2916c34e\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aggregates<\/span> or <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_a97b3032273e3adef4d8c731eae23fe4\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">agglomerates<\/span>, and where 50% or more of these particles in the number-based size distribution fulfil at least one of the following conditions:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>one or more external dimensions of the particle are in the size range 1 nm to 100 nm;<\/li>\n<li>the particle has an elongated shape, such as a rod, fibre or tube, where two external dimensions are smaller than 1 nm and the other dimension is larger than 100 nm;<\/li>\n<li>the particle has a plate-like shape, where one external dimension is smaller than 1 nm and the other dimensions are larger than 100 nm.<\/li>\n<li>In the determination of the particle number-based size distribution, particles with at least two orthogonal external dimensions larger than 100 &#x3BC;m need not be considered.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>However, a material with a specific surface area by volume of &lt; 6 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/cm<sup>3<\/sup> shall not be considered a nanomaterial.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/chemicals\/nanotech\/pdf\/C_2022_3689_1_EN_ACT_part1_v6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/chemicals\/nanotech\/pdf\/C_2022_3689_1_EN_ACT_part1_v6.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8180 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-01_definitions\" data-dce-post-id=\"8180\" data-dce-post-index=\"3\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tHow big is a <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_5b2fd8161c6fc3619afcfb9fcf641fb8\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">nanometer<\/span>?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p><figure id=\"attachment_15278\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15278\" style=\"width: 332px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15278\" src=\"https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/partikel_FAQ_en.png\" alt=\"Size comparison VIrus DNA Fullerene CNT English\" width=\"332\" height=\"278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/partikel_FAQ_en.png 895w, https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/partikel_FAQ_en-300x251.png 300w, https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/partikel_FAQ_en-768x644.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 332px) 100vw, 332px\"\/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15278\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Size comparison Virus DNA Fullerene CNT<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">The term &#x201E;nano&#x201C; derives from the greek word nanos, dwarf. A nanometer is one millionth of a milimeter. It is equal to 1\/1,000,000,000th or one-billionth of a meter. When things are this small, you can't see them with your eyes, or a light microscope. Objects this small require a special tool called <a title=\"Wikipedia (EN): electron microscope\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electron_microscope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">electron microscope<\/a> (EM) or <a title=\"Wikipedia (EN): scanning probe microscope\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scanning_probe_microscopy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scanning probe microscope<\/a> (<span class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_f4ad93860bda6e37751c33f7f03d911c\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>SEM<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Nanoparticles range in size from 1&#xA0;nm to 100&#xA0;nm.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">All these naturally and synthetic things are on the nanometer scale: Virus (30-50&#xA0;nm), DNA (2.5&#xA0;nm), buckyballs (~1&#xA0;nm in diameter), CNT (~1&#xA0;nm in diameter).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8185 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-01_definitions\" data-dce-post-id=\"8185\" data-dce-post-index=\"4\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat are nanoparticles?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">A material is called a nano-object when one, two or three external dimensions of it are present in <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_3ddd56a982b62f20c8279dbc63e14262\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">nanoscale<\/span>. This includes nanoparticles, i.e. nano-objects with all three external dimensions on the nanoscale. Nano-platelets are nano-objects with one external dimension on the nanoscale, and two much larger external dimensions. Nanofibers have two similar external dimensions on the nanoscale, and a third external dimension that is much larger than the other two dimensions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">These definitions were developed in 2008 by the Technical Committee ISO\/TC 229 &quot;Nanotechnologies&quot; in collaboration with the Technical Committee CEN\/TC 352 &quot;Nanotechnologies&quot;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left\">Nanoparticles can be of different chemical nature. Both inorganic and organic nanoparticles are known. They can consist of only one element, i.e. metal or carbon or of compounds like oxides, nitrides, etc. Nanocomposites are understood to be composite materials that have at least one component in the form of a nano-object. Nanoparticles often build clusters of aggregates or agglomerates. By contrast to aggregates, agglomerates can be ground into the primary grains through optimal mixing. Therefore, their shape can be very inconsistent and they may take a wide variety of forms which has considerable influence on their properties. In principle, because of their enormous surface-to-mass ratio nanoparticles behave completely different than larger composites.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c74b887 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c74b887\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08b857f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08b857f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Workplace<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fbcf57 dce-posts-layout-default dce-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"8fbcf57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"style_items\":\"default\",\"accordion_start\":\"none\",\"accordion_close_other_sections\":\"yes\",\"accordion_speed\":{\"unit\":\"ms\",\"size\":300,\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts  dce-skin-accordion dce-skin-accordion-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-wrapper-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8132 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-02_workplace\" data-dce-post-id=\"8132\" data-dce-post-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhich mask should I buy if I want to protect myself against Nano dust?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: justify\">If protective technical measures against unintentional release of nanomaterials at the workplace are NOT sufficient, the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) recommends the use of personal respiratory protection (filter class P3 or P2). When selecting the personal respiratory protection device, the previous risk assessment for the work place has to play a major role. If the wearing of a breathing mask is required, it has to be fitted tightly to the face or head. Likewise, current time limits and regulations for the wearing of breathing masks have to be respected. Besides personal protection, teaching and training of employees on the correct use is important too.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Further information on this topics are provided on the <a title=\"DGUV - Protective measures against ultrafine aerosols and nanoparticles at the workplace\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dguv.de\/ifa\/Fachinfos\/Nanopartikel-am-Arbeitsplatz\/Schutzma&#xDF;nahmen\/index-2.jsp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DGUV website<\/a> or in our FAQ on <em>&quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/faq\/who-is-responsible-for-occupational-safety-in-the-handling-of-nanomaterials-and-where-can-i-find-relevant-information\/\">Who is responsible for occupational safety in the handling of nanomaterials, and where can I find relevant information?<\/a>&quot;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8133 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-02_workplace\" data-dce-post-id=\"8133\" data-dce-post-index=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWho is responsible for occupational safety in the handling of nanomaterials, and where can I find relevant information?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Safety at the workplace is the responsibility of the employer. He is responsible for all basic trainings, assessment &amp; management of risks and potential hazards at the workplace as well as the implementation of the associated protective safety measures. The employee has to act safely in accordance with the training and has to inform the employer about any possible further risks. The European legislation on worker protection also applies to nanomaterials. Similarly to the handling of other hazardous substances, the same prevention measures (&quot;STOP&quot;) following the hierarchy of control are relevant:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>S<\/strong>ubstitution<\/li>\n<li><strong>T<\/strong>echnical control measures at the source<\/li>\n<li><strong>O<\/strong>rganisational measures<\/li>\n<li><strong>P<\/strong>ersonal protection equipment<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Further information on this topic of nanomaterials and occupational health &amp; safety can be found on the websites of the appropriate authorities, insurers or the European Agency for safety and health at work (<a title=\"European Agency for safety and health at work (EU-OSHA)\" href=\"https:\/\/osha.europa.eu\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">EU-OSHA<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Germany<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) - <a title=\"Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) - Nanotechnology\" href=\"https:\/\/www.baua.de\/EN\/Topics\/Safe-use-of-chemicals-and-products\/Innovative-materials\/Nanotechnology\/_functions\/BereichsPublikationssuchePublications-search.html?nn=8717842\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nanotechnology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Nanoportal of the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) (in GERMAN)\" href=\"http:\/\/nano.dguv.de\/en\/basics\/regulation\/overview\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nanoportal <\/a>of the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) (in GERMAN)<\/li>\n<li>German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV)&#xA0;- <a title=\"German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) - Ultrafine aerosols and nanoparticles at the workplace\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dguv.de\/ifa\/fachinfos\/nanopartikel-am-arbeitsplatz\/index-2.jsp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ultrafine <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_e87f9e6f6414cb192e14dd20de3a543c\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">aerosols<\/span> and nanoparticles at the workplace<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Switzerland<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH) - <a title=\"Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH) - Occupational health protection\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bag.admin.ch\/bag\/en\/home\/gesund-leben\/umwelt-und-gesundheit\/chemikalien\/nanotechnologie\/sicherer-umgang-mit-nanomaterialien.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Occupational health protection<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Federal Coordination Commission for Occupational Safety (<a title=\"Federal Coordination Commission for Occupational Safety (FCOS)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ekas.ch\/index-en.php?frameset=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FCOS<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Swiss Social Accident insurance (SUVA) (in GERMAN) - <a title=\"Swiss Social Accident insurance (SUVA) (in GERMAN) - Nanopartikel an Arbeitspl&#xE4;tzen\" href=\"https:\/\/www.suva.ch\/de-ch\/praevention\/sachthemen\/berufskrankheiten-und-deren-verhuetung\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nanopartikel an Arbeitspl&#xE4;tzen<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Austria<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Arbeitsinspektion (Bundesministeriums f&#xFC;r Arbeit, Soziales und Konsumentenschutz) - <a title=\"Arbeitsinspektion (Bundesministeriums f&#xFC;r Arbeit, Soziales und Konsumentenschutz) - Nanomaterialien (in GERMAN)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arbeitsinspektion.gv.at\/Arbeitsstoffe\/Arbeitsstoffe_mit_eigenen-besonderen_Regelungen\/Nanomaterialien_und_Nanotechnologien.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nanomaterialien<\/a> (in GERMAN)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Nanoinformation-Portal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nanoinformation.at\/bereiche\/arbeitswelt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nanoinformation-Portal<\/a> (in GERMAN)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>European Union<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>European Agency for safety and health at work (EU-OSHA) - <a title=\"European Agency for safety and health at work (EU-OSHA) - Managing nanomaterials in the workplace\" href=\"https:\/\/osha.europa.eu\/en\/emerging-risks\/nanomaterials\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Managing nanomaterials in the workplace<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8142 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-02_workplace\" data-dce-post-id=\"8142\" data-dce-post-index=\"2\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tOccupational exposure limits &amp; protective measures for nanomaterials: national and european regulations\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Up-to-now, there are no European occupational exposure limits in place. However, the establishment of such values is an ongoing process. So far, health and safety measures for the handling of nanomaterials are based on the precautionary principle of existing knowledge derived from safety measures for handling chemicals. This includes in particular the avoidance of contact with the particles (exposure) and the use of personal protective equipment (for example, respiratory protection, protective gloves).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">In Germany, the <a title=\"Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.baua.de\/EN\/Home\/Home_node.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA)<\/a> is dealing with the topic of nanosafety at the workplace; in Switzerland, the <a title=\"Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bag.admin.ch\/bag\/en\/home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH)<\/a> has created a precautionary matrix for synthetic nanomaterials.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Links:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) &#x2013; <a title=\"German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) &#x2013; Nanotechnology\" href=\"https:\/\/www.baua.de\/EN\/Topics\/Safe-use-of-chemicals-and-products\/Innovative-materials\/Innovative-materials_node.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nanotechnology<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH)&#xA0;- <a title=\"Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH) - Precautionary Matrix for Synthetic Nanomaterials\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bag.admin.ch\/bag\/en\/home\/gesund-leben\/umwelt-und-gesundheit\/chemikalien\/nanotechnologie.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Precautionary Matrix for Synthetic Nanomaterials<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Brochure <a href=\"https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/NanoValid-Safe_handling_nanomaterials_advanced-materials_at_workplaces.pdf\">&quot;Safe handling of nano materials and other advanced materials at workplaces&quot; (2015) <i class=\"dashicons-pdf\"><\/i><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"European Precautionary Principle (last update 21.09.2015)\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=URISERV%3Al32042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">European Precautionary Principle<\/a> (last update 21.09.2015)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fea608 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fea608\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19115e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"19115e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Application\/Products<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94b8c8b dce-posts-layout-default dce-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"94b8c8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"style_items\":\"default\",\"accordion_start\":\"none\",\"accordion_close_other_sections\":\"yes\",\"accordion_speed\":{\"unit\":\"ms\",\"size\":300,\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts  dce-skin-accordion dce-skin-accordion-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-wrapper-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-24696 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-03_application-products\" data-dce-post-id=\"24696\" data-dce-post-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat are solid-state batteries?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>In solid-state batteries, both electrodes and the <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_59f1c0fadfba895ee309b697feecde56\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">electrolyte<\/span> consist of solid material. Although some solid-state batteries are already in use in electric cars or trucks (e.g. in the &quot;Bollore Blue Car&quot;), most are currently still under development.<\/p>\n<p>The advantages of all-solid-state batteries (ASSB) over the common liquid electrolyte batteries are the replacement of the (usually highly flammable) liquid electrolyte by a solid electrolyte. Furthermore, solid-state batteries have a higher energy density and a faster charging capacity, which is an important property for the rise in electromobility.<\/p>\n<p>Different materials such as polymers, metals and ceramics are used in various combinations for solid-state batteries.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-24698 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-03_application-products\" data-dce-post-id=\"24698\" data-dce-post-index=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat are liquid electrolyte batteries?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>Liquid electrolyte batteries have been used for many years and are currently the most commonly used batteries, e.g. lithium ion batteries (LIB) in mobile phones. In liquid batteries, the electrolytes are present in dissolved form, but the electrodes are made of a solid material. The liquid electrolytes are usually highly flammable, which is often seen as a disadvantage. Therefore, solid-state batteries are currently being developed in which the electrolytes are in solid form.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-24700 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-03_application-products\" data-dce-post-id=\"24700\" data-dce-post-index=\"2\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat types of liquid electrolytes are there?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>Liquid electrolytes are mostly water-based salt solutions consisting of organic and inorganic acids. However, simple saline solutions can also be used.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-24702 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-03_application-products\" data-dce-post-id=\"24702\" data-dce-post-index=\"3\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat types of rechargeable batteries (secondary batteries) are there and where are they used?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>There are a variety of rechargeable batteries or secondary batteries, which can be roughly divided into liquid electrolyte batteries (also called wet cell) and solid-state batteries. Generally, they consist of 2 electrodes and an electrolyte, each of which can be made of different materials.<\/p>\n<p>The majority of batteries in use today and in the near future are liquid electrolyte batteries, mainly lithium ion batteries.<\/p>\n<p>Some solid-state batteries are already in use, most others are currently in basic research. Materials used are, for example, sodium, magnesium or aluminium.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-19359 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-03_application-products\" data-dce-post-id=\"19359\" data-dce-post-index=\"4\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat is the difference between perovskite and conventional solar cells?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>Conventional solar cells are often made of silicon dioxide, which is used in <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_d1e67a48bf41adb2c687fd75c06f40f0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">amorphous<\/span> or <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_66b0061badd68b0e6801ac52edb57e73\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">crystalline<\/span> form. It takes a lot of know-how and money to produce it, and the yield of light energy conversion in commercial products is less than 25% [1]. Therefore, solar cells are also made from other elements. Among the most prominent representatives here are GaAs (gallium arsenide), CdTe (cadmium tellurium) and CIGS (copper indium gallium selenium) solar cells. These elements are controversial, as some are e.g. toxic, only difficult to obtain from socially \/ ethically acceptable sources and usually very expensive.<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, sustainable alternatives are being sought: perovskite solar cells could be cheaper to produce and the starting materials easier to obtain. However, they also contain toxic elements (status 2022). Intensive research is therefore being conducted into less toxic perovskite solar cells. Good luminous efficiencies have already been achieved in the laboratory, and in particular the possibility of building semi-transparent cells could lead to very high yields in light energy conversion if perovskite and conventional solar cells are arranged one above the other (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multi-junction_solar_cell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tandem solar cell or multi-junction solar cell<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic\">Further infomation<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) - <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/pv\/cell-efficiency.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8148 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-03_application-products\" data-dce-post-id=\"8148\" data-dce-post-index=\"5\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tIs the UV-protection in nanomaterial-containing sunscreens only effective if the nanomaterials enter the skin and how are they excreted later?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">No, to effectively act as inorganic UV-blocker (also called mineral UV-blocker) in sunscreen, the materials either in nanoform or lager just need to form a thin layer on top of the skin. If correctly applied (not on mucous membranes or injured skin) the nanomaterials cannot enter the human body and are washed off the skin surface by sweat or water.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">For further information on this topic &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/body-barriers\/nanoparticles-and-the-skin\/\">Nanoparticles and the skin<\/a>&quot;, please refer to our cross-cutting section!!!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-14313 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-03_application-products\" data-dce-post-id=\"14313\" data-dce-post-index=\"6\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tDoes Acrylic resin contain nanoparticles?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Acrylic resins are particularly durable synthetic resins and are used in various adhesives, paints and coatings. Before curing, they are present as monomers in liquid form and therefore not nanoparticles. Due to the wide range of possible applications, they may contain various additives e.g. consisting of nanoparticles. However, there is no health risk associated to nanoparticles containing acrylic resins as the nanoparticles are firmly bound in both the liquid and cured form and cannot be released into the environment.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8149 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-03_application-products\" data-dce-post-id=\"8149\" data-dce-post-index=\"7\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tCan nanomaterials used in sunscreen cross the skin barrier and enter the body?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Typically nanomaterials used in sunscreens like <a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/knowledge\/materials\/titanium-dioxide\/\">titanium dioxide<\/a> or<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/knowledge\/materials\/zinc-oxide\/\"> zinc oxide<\/a> (inorganic uv-blockers) as well as the organic nanoscale UV-blockers <span class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_d2114d3c2d81167116e17039c00f7144\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>MBBT<\/span> and <span class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_0866857ce6d178b0c02d121bdfde17e8\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>TBPT<\/span> are not able to cross a healthy skin barrier and enter the human body if correctly applied (not on mucous membranes or wounds). Even in case of sunburnt skin, the nanomaterials stay in the upper layers (epidermis) of the skin. Therefore, in both cases no internal distribution of nanomaterials via the blood stream is to be expected.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">For further information on this topic &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/body-barriers\/nanoparticles-and-the-skin\/\">Nanoparticles and the skin<\/a>&quot;, please refer to our cross-cutting section!!!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-14329 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-03_application-products\" data-dce-post-id=\"14329\" data-dce-post-index=\"8\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tAre nanomaterials used as food additives dangerous to human health?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Currently no intentionally produced nanomaterials are used in food &amp; feed applications in the EU. The occurring nanomaterials are byproducts of the production process of approved food additives such as silicon dioxide. In Asia and North America however, nanomaterials are used specifically in food products, e.g. for the encapsulation of vitamins. Based on the majority of existing studies, current approved food additives pose no health risk for humans.&nbsp;Since EU law allows only harmless (safe) additives to be used in food, every food additive has to be tested and legally approved prior to any products' application.&nbsp;This decision is based on latest developments in science and technology and is therefore constantly under revision.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">For more information on this topic, please refer to the article in our cross cutting section <a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/nanomaterials-in-food\/\">&#x201C;Nanomaterials in Food&#x201D;<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8151 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-03_application-products\" data-dce-post-id=\"8151\" data-dce-post-index=\"9\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tNanosilver in the mattress &#x2013; what is the purpose and is it safe?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">In many cases, silver threads are woven into the mattress' cover and the fabric can be additionally impregnated with a silver solution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">The aim of these enhancement methods for textiles is an antimicrobial effect: Under moist or humid conditions, positively charged silver ions are being released by the metallic silver surface exerting their biocidal effects against bacteria, yeast or fungi. This behaviour is independent of size and origin of the silver ions, stemming either from silver salts or from metallic silver particles. However, due to higher specific surface area, silver nanoparticles are able to release much more silver ions, which in turn cause a stronger antimicrobial effect compared to larger particles. At the present state, nanosilver-equipped textiles like those used in mattresses, present no risk or danger to human health.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Further information on this topic &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/nanoparticles-in-textiles\/\">nano in textiles<\/a>&quot; can be found in our cross-cutting section!!!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5c05bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f5c05bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-299a606 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"299a606\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Environment<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12a9087 dce-posts-layout-default dce-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"12a9087\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"style_items\":\"default\",\"accordion_start\":\"none\",\"accordion_close_other_sections\":\"yes\",\"accordion_speed\":{\"unit\":\"ms\",\"size\":300,\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts  dce-skin-accordion dce-skin-accordion-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-wrapper-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-28193 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-04_environment\" data-dce-post-id=\"28193\" data-dce-post-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tPFAS &#x2013; What is behind these &#x2018;forever chemicals&#x2019;\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>PFAS (<em>per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances<\/em>) are a group of synthetic chemicals. They consist of long carbon chains to which fluorine atoms are bound. This special chemical structure ensures exceptional stability and resistance to environmental influences. PFAS are water, dirt and grease repellent. They are used in many everyday products, such as water-repellent clothing, non-stick coatings and food packaging. They also play an important role in industry, for example in fire retardants, water-repellent coatings and seals, lubricants and as insulating material in electronics and aviation. In medical technology, PFAS are used in implants, catheters and special medical coatings.<\/p>\n<p>However, their durability also has a downside: PFAS are difficult to break down in the environment and can accumulate in water, soil and even in the human body over time. This is why they are also known as &#x2018;<strong>forever chemicals<\/strong>&#x2019;. PFAS are suspected of being harmful to health. The tension between the practical and, in some cases, unique advantages and the potential risks to the environment and health requires in-depth discussion and the development of alternatives. This is because there are currently no viable substitutes in some areas. A complete ban would make important applications impossible.<\/p>\n<p>The regulation of PFAS has gained importance worldwide. The REACH Regulation monitors PFAS in the European Union. Specific compounds such as PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) are already heavily regulated or banned. Other PFAS are currently being reviewed and a comprehensive restriction of the group is being discussed.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-14236 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-04_environment\" data-dce-post-id=\"14236\" data-dce-post-index=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tDo nanomaterials harm pollinating insects?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>Pollinating insects may encounter nanomaterials via the pollen, which is contaminated via application of nanomaterial-containing <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_e6888cf7f8ef072bc513c9dc9e095782\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pesticides<\/span> or fertilizers brought out on crops, and from traffic exhaust. While laboratory studies showed that nanomaterial can be harmful to some insects, it is unclear whether the low concentrations of nanomaterials found in outdoor environments do harm pollinators.<\/p>\n<p>Read more about this topic in our cross cutting articles<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/nanomaterials-and-pollinating-insects\/\">Nanomaterials and pollinating insects<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/nanomaterials-in-plant-protection-products\/\">Nanomaterials in plant protection products<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-14273 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-04_environment\" data-dce-post-id=\"14273\" data-dce-post-index=\"2\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhy are currently nanomaterial quantities in the environment mostly calculated theoretically?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Currently, it is very difficult and tedious to directly detect engineered nanomaterials in the environment. There are still large knowledge gaps about the exposure, interactions and residence time of nanomaterials in the environment. Computer models can help to simulate such complex situation. However, this requires making certain assumptions and simplifications so that the theoretical values do not reflect the real quantities of nanomaterials in the environment. Such model calculations are a good tool for estimating risks and interactions of nanomaterials in the environment.<\/p>\n<p>For more information on this topic, please refer to the article in our cross cutting section <a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/estimating-the-occurrence-of-nanomaterials-in-the-environment\/\">&quot;Estimating the occurrence of nanomaterials in the environment&quot;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-14321 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-04_environment\" data-dce-post-id=\"14321\" data-dce-post-index=\"3\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tHow efficient are nanomaterials removed from wastewater in the wastewater treatment plant?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">In the wastewater treatment plant, contaminants including nanomaterials are separated from the wastewater in several stages. According to laboratory tests, the most common nanomaterials such as silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, silver or zinc compounds are effectively removed from the wastewater by 90-95%. Only a small fraction of nanomaterials remains in the treated water. The majority of the removed nanomaterials are found in the sewage sludge, which is further treated separately.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">For more information on this topic, please refer to the article in our cross cutting section <a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/nanomaterials-in-the-wastewater-treatment-plant\/\">&quot;Nanomaterials in the wastewater treatment plant&quot;<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-14343 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-04_environment\" data-dce-post-id=\"14343\" data-dce-post-index=\"4\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tAre nanoplastics dangerous for humans and the environment?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Due to their small size (1 nm - 1 <span class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_4f7397be2d7c1e05b5666922f6512749\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>&micro;m<\/span>), <strong>nanoplastic particles<\/strong> can overcome certain barriers and accumulate in organisms or environmental compartments. In addition, undesirable chemicals such as flame retardants or plasticizers can bind to the nanoplastic particles and be released later, e.g. after uptake in environmental organisms. Currently, the estimated <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_45d80826a67747ddf09fb37dfefb37ce\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">concentration<\/span> of nanoplastics in the environment is very low and has no serious impact on plants and animals.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Microplastic<\/strong> (1 &#xB5;m &#x2013; 1 mm) particles currently pose a greater threat to humans and the environment due to higher measured environmental concentrations. Research groups around the world are currently working on this topic.&#xA0;It is expected that the number of microplastics as well as nanoplastic particles will strongly increase worldwide in the next decades via the gradual decomposition of plastics in the environment.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">For more information on this topic, please refer to the article in our cross cutting section <a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/nanoplastic-in-the-environment\/\">&#x201C;Nanoplastic in the environment&#x201D;<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-14286 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-04_environment\" data-dce-post-id=\"14286\" data-dce-post-index=\"5\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tAre nanomaterials a threat for our wastewater treatment plants?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">No, studies to date cannot prove that nanomaterials pose a risk to our wastewater treatment plants. But a possible cause of concern is the targeted use of nanomaterials with antibacterial properties. They could kill the bacteria in the biological treatment stages. However, the amounts of nanomaterials in the wastewater and later in the sewage treatment plant are too small to disrupt the work of the bacteria in the biological purification stage.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">For more information on this topic, please refer to the article in our cross cutting section &#x201C;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/nanomaterials-in-the-wastewater-treatment-plant\/\">Nanomaterials in the wastewater treatment plant<\/a>&#x201D;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8118 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-04_environment\" data-dce-post-id=\"8118\" data-dce-post-index=\"6\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tHow can you differentiate between natural and engineered nanoparticles in the environment?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">This is indeed a big challenge, because size and shape of natural and engineered nanoparticles may be quite similar, and mostly the natural particle outnumber the engineered ones. Hence, sophisticated analytical methods are applied, often by combining several methods, to unequivocally detect the engineered nanomaterials. For example, one uses impurities or different element or isotope ratios.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li>Read more about this topic in our cross cutting article &#x2013; &#x201C;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/detecting-nanomaterials-in-the-environment\/\">Detecting nanomaterials in the environment<\/a>&#x201D;!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8119 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-04_environment\" data-dce-post-id=\"8119\" data-dce-post-index=\"7\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tHow can you ascertain the release of nanomaterials from products into the environment?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Since only very small amounts of nanomaterials are found in the environment, the detection is very difficult and methodologically very demanding. The high natural background of particles complicates this even further. Moreover, since the analysis is very complex, time-consuming and expensive, synthetically engineered nanomaterials have only been detected in the environment in a few cases so far.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li>Read more about this topic in our cross cutting article &#x2013; &#x201C;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/detecting-nanomaterials-in-the-environment\/\">Detecting nanomaterials in the environment<\/a>&#x201D;!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8121 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-04_environment\" data-dce-post-id=\"8121\" data-dce-post-index=\"8\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tDo I need to dispose of my nanomaterial containing products in a specific way?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: justify\">No, currently there are no provisions that demand a specific disposal of nanomaterial-containing products. Liquid as well as solid waste containing nanomaterials should be disposed via the existing waste collection systems in order to prevent release into the environment. Currently there are many research activities dealing with nanomaterial fate during incineration and <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_a00924ad207c6cf318efc65dc48f8292\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">landfills<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Read more about this topic in our cross cutting article &#x2013; &#x201C;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/nanomaterials-in-waste\/\">Nanomaterials in waste<\/a>&#x201D;!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8145 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-04_environment\" data-dce-post-id=\"8145\" data-dce-post-index=\"9\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat happens to nanomaterials after their usage for environmental remediation?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">The nanomaterials will remain within the environment. What happens there in the long term cannot easily be answered with current methods. A major obstacle is the high natural background of the respective material in the environment. This makes it hard to distinguish between natural occurring and specifically introduced nanomaterials used for remediation purposes (e.g. iron). In any case, the nanomaterials will undergo transport and transformation processes (see basics article: transport &amp; transformation, in preparation). However, most nanomaterials do not travel very far in the environment as they have a strong tendency to bind to other particles, e.g. soil particles.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2ae478 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e2ae478\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6aa0517 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6aa0517\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Human body<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4b6bc6 dce-posts-layout-default dce-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"e4b6bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"style_items\":\"default\",\"accordion_start\":\"none\",\"accordion_close_other_sections\":\"yes\",\"accordion_speed\":{\"unit\":\"ms\",\"size\":300,\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts  dce-skin-accordion dce-skin-accordion-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-wrapper-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8123 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-05_human-body\" data-dce-post-id=\"8123\" data-dce-post-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tCan nanomaterials enter the human body via the gastro-intestinal tract?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: justify\">Yes, but only very small amounts of nanomaterials can be taken up via the gastro-intestinal tract by penetrating tissue deeper layers and entering the blood stream. However, the overall amount is very low and most of the particles are not synthetic ones. Many minerals and other substances have a size range of about 1 to 100 nm, thus, our gastro-intestinal tract is very well adapted to handle such materials.<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Further information on this topic is provided in the body barriers article &#x201C;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/body-barriers\/nanoparticles-and-the-gastro-intestinal-tract\/\">nanoparticles and the gastro-intestinal tract<\/a>&#x201D;!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8124 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-05_human-body\" data-dce-post-id=\"8124\" data-dce-post-index=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tCan nanoparticles enter the body via the lung?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Yes, it has been shown that ultrafine dust particles including nanoparticles can cross the ultrathin tissue barrier in the lung thereby entering the body via the bloodstream. However, less than one-thousandth of the initially inhaled particles actually end up in the bloodstream so the amount is negligible.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li>Further information on this topic is provided in the body barriers article &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/body-barriers\/nanoparticles-and-the-lung\/\">nanoparticles and the lung<\/a>&quot;!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8161 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-05_human-body\" data-dce-post-id=\"8161\" data-dce-post-index=\"2\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tCan nanoparticles pass the blood-brain barrier?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Researchers are trying to shed light on open issues such as these. In spite of intensive efforts that serve to develop treatments for e.g. brain tumors which cannot be treated otherwise, it seems to be rather difficult so far to intentionally force sufficient quantities of nanoparticles over the blood-brain barrier. In view of this fact, it is rather improbable that nanoparticles other than the specially tailored ones will pass the barrier unintentionally.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">For all that, it was found that nanoparticles can reach the brain by passing through the olfactory nerve. All experimental results obtained so far, however, indicate that the quantity of nanoparticles reaching the brain either via the blood-brain barrier or via the olfactory nerve in the olfactory epithelium of the nose is very small. Further research remains to be done to solve these issues.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\"><em>More information on nanoparticles and the brain can be found in the cross-cutting section at &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/body-barriers\/nanoparticles-at-the-blood-brain-barrier\/\">nanoparticles at the blood-brain barrier<\/a>&quot; !!<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8157 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-05_human-body\" data-dce-post-id=\"8157\" data-dce-post-index=\"3\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tCan nanoparticles pass the placental barrier?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Yes this is possible. But the mechanism and what physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles affect the transfer is still largely unknown and the subject of current research.<\/p>\n<p>Please refer to the cross-cutting article &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/body-barriers\/nanoparticles-at-the-placental-barrier\/\">Nanoparticles at the placental barrier<\/a>&quot;.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04681e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"04681e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-071661f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"071661f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e3d138 dce-posts-layout-default dce-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"2e3d138\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"style_items\":\"default\",\"accordion_start\":\"none\",\"accordion_close_other_sections\":\"yes\",\"accordion_speed\":{\"unit\":\"ms\",\"size\":300,\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts  dce-skin-accordion dce-skin-accordion-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-wrapper-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8139 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-06_research\" data-dce-post-id=\"8139\" data-dce-post-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWho is currently involved in nanosafety research and where can I find such information?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Safety and potential risks of nanomaterials is a big research topic both on a national and international level. Our <a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/research\/\">projects' section<\/a> together with the project landscape offers a good overview on the involved German actors from the BMBF-funded nanosafety research projects (funding initiatives NanoCare4.0, NanoCare, NanoNature, ERA-Net SIINN). Further sources of information are e.g. the <a title=\"competency maps on nanotechnologies\" href=\"https:\/\/www.werkstofftechnologien.de\/service\/kompetenzkarten\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">competency maps on nanotechnologies<\/a>, the <a title=\"Environmental Research Database UFORDAT\" href=\"https:\/\/www.umweltbundesamt.de\/themen\/nachhaltigkeit-strategien-internationales\/information-als-instrument\/umweltforschungsdatenbank-ufordat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Environmental Research Database UFORDAT<\/a> or the <a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/links\/\">links section<\/a> on the DaNa website. The links section lists relevant national and international networks dealing with nanotechnology topics, e.g. the European network <a title=\"NanoSafetyCluster\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nanosafetycluster.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NanoSafetyCluster<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8164 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-06_research\" data-dce-post-id=\"8164\" data-dce-post-index=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tHow much federal funding is provided for R&amp;D into nanotechnologies?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">In 2009, the total federal funding in Germany for R&amp;D into nanotechnologies amounted to 382 million &euro;, of which approximately 354 million &euro; were contributed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ee7f86 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ee7f86\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f9de3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f9de3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Medicine<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86e70a4 dce-posts-layout-default dce-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"86e70a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"style_items\":\"default\",\"accordion_start\":\"none\",\"accordion_close_other_sections\":\"yes\",\"accordion_speed\":{\"unit\":\"ms\",\"size\":300,\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts  dce-skin-accordion dce-skin-accordion-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-wrapper-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8128 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-07_medicin\" data-dce-post-id=\"8128\" data-dce-post-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tCan nanoparticles trigger allergies?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Allergies are negative responses of the immune system towards substances that are tolerated by most people. This effect has never been observed for engineered nanomaterials. Reports about nanomaterials that are associated with a higher allergic risk are usually referring to fine dust. These ultrafine particles usually occur as components of environmental pollution, originating mainly from fire, agriculture and traffic.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Present research focuses on simultaneous exposure towards allergens and nanoparticles. Likewise, this principle is also being explored for the development of new therapies for allergies.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li>Further information on this topic &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/body-barriers\/nanoparticles-and-the-immune-system\/\">nanoparticles and the immune system<\/a>&quot; can be found in our cross-cutting section !!!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Literature<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Himly M., Grotz B., Sageder M., Geppert M., Duschl A. (2016). <em>Immune Frailty and Nanomaterials: The Case of Allergies.<\/em> <a title=\"Himly M., Grotz B., Sageder M., Geppert M., Duschl A. (2016). Immune Frailty and Nanomaterials: The Case of Allergies. Current Bionanotechnology, 2(1): 20-28.\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2174\/2213529402666160601124654\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Current Bionanotechnology, 2(1): 20-28.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8113 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-07_medicin\" data-dce-post-id=\"8113\" data-dce-post-index=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tDo silver nanoparticles help against corona viruses?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">In principle, that is true.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">The antibacterial effect of <a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/knowledge\/materials\/silver\/\">silver<\/a> nanoparticles is known. This is the reason why it is used as a <span class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_f26c3746f347b6e4403f41641b3b8f3d\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>coating<\/span> for implants or in wound dressings. The effect is based on the release of silver ions, i.e. small, electrically charged <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_59030aa71a667d802f1435a0f189bffb\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">particulate matter<\/span>. Silver nanoparticles have especially good properties, as they have a large surface from which these ions can be released. Scientific studies show that besides the antibacterial effect these ions act as antiviral agents as well. Laboratory tests have shown that they are effective against certain types of corona virus family. Scientists are currently investigating whether this applies to the originator of the disease COVID-19 and are looking into the use of surface coatings with silver nanoparticles in hospitals and public places.<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Further information can be found here:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>HeiQ AG - HeiQ Viroblock NPJ03 Antiviral textile Technology tested against effective corona virus (press release, 16.03.2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.heiq.com\/news\/heiq-viroblock-antiviral-textile-technology-against-coronavirus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.heiq.com\/news\/heiq-viroblock-antiviral-textile-technology-against-coronavirus\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8114 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-07_medicin\" data-dce-post-id=\"8114\" data-dce-post-index=\"2\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tDo my medications contain nanoparticles?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: justify\">Yes, drugs available in pharmacies, shops, at the doctor's or in hospitals may contain nanoparticulate ingredients because of their specific use to improve or enhance their efficacy. Both nanoparticles and <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_e34428cb51a8f5b74a64f81fad1dd626\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">liposomes<\/span> are used for these purposes (see also &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/faq\/what-is-the-difference-between-nanoparticles-and-liposomes\/\">What is the difference between nanoparticles and liposomes?<\/a>&quot;). The number of drugs containing nanomaterials in the regulatory process is still low. These include, for example, drugs for the treatment of tumour diseases, <span class=\"glossaryLink\"  aria-describedby=\"tt\"  data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_a25b58ba973f519d3d6524c8a9389ad4\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>chronic<\/span> hepatitis, acromegaly (giant growth), multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with elevated LDL-C values or type 2 diabetes (see also or crosscutting text &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/nanomedicine\/\">Nanomedicine<\/a>&quot;).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In addition to the active ingredient, drugs also contain fillers and additives such as water, starch, vaseline or highly dispersed silicon dioxide. Due to the production process, silicon dioxide nanoparticles may also be generated. At present, pharmaceutical manufacturers are not obliged to label nanoscale ingredients in their medicines.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Further information can be found on the following websites of the <a title=\"European Medicines Agency (EMA)\" href=\"https:\/\/europa.eu\/european-union\/about-eu\/agencies\/ema_en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">European Medicines Agency (EMA)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8117 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-07_medicin\" data-dce-post-id=\"8117\" data-dce-post-index=\"3\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat is the difference between nanoparticles and liposomes?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Although liposomes are often referred to as nanoparticles, they differ from classical nanoparticles in both, their structure and in their stability . Liposomes are therefore not nanoparticles in a narrower sense.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Nanoparticles are made of solid materials. Liposomes can be between a few nanometers to even 10 microns in size. They consist of certain lipids (so-called phospholipids, e.g from soy) together with other materials and form a hollow sphere consisting of one or more double membranes (bilayers - see Fig. 1, liposome with a double membrane). They are filled with water and require a water-loving environment. Their bilayers are water-loving on the outside and also inside of the hollow sphere. They are usually less stable than nanoparticles.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">The encapsulation system &quot;nanosome&quot; is very similar to the liposomes. Nanosomes, however, possess only a single lipid monolayer. The name refers to their extremely small size. The name Nanosome is mainly used in cosmetics.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-15271 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-07_medicin\" data-dce-post-id=\"15271\" data-dce-post-index=\"4\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tHow many and which medical devices contain nanomaterials?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>Nanomaterials are contained in many medical devices or applied to the surface. Examples and explanations can be found in our cross-cutting acticle on &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/nanomaterials-in-medical-devices\/\">Nanomaterials in medical devices<\/a>&quot;.<\/p>\n<p>The use of nanomaterials in medical devices is clearly regulated at European level. Information on this can be found on the pages of the EUON Medical Devices at <a href=\"https:\/\/euon.echa.europa.eu\/medical-devices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/euon.echa.europa.eu\/medical-devices<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8162 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-07_medicin\" data-dce-post-id=\"8162\" data-dce-post-index=\"5\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tHow many and what kinds of nanomaterials-containing pharmaceuticals are known (to the Federal Government)?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: justify\">There is still only a very small number of pharmaceuticals that according to the relevant admission data contain nanomaterials. Among them are drugs for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>treatment of tumor diseases (e.g. Caelyx, Mepact, Abraxane, Rapamune, Renagel)<\/li>\n<li>chronic hepatitis (e.g. PegIntron, Pegasys)<\/li>\n<li>acromegaly (e.g. Somavert)<\/li>\n<li>multiple sclerosis (e.g. Copaxone)<\/li>\n<li>febrile neuropathy (e.g. Neulasta)<\/li>\n<li>Morbus Crohn (e.g. Cimzia)<\/li>\n<li>age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (e.g. Macugen)<\/li>\n<li>increased LDL-C values and diabetes mellitus type 2 (e.g. Welchol)<\/li>\n<li>MRT contrast agents (in-vivo diagnostics) with iron oxide nanoparticles (e.g. Feridex)<\/li>\n<li>parenteral iron (e.g. Cosmofer, Ferrlecit)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Besides, several authors refer to drugs containing nanoscale molecules and particles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>liposomes (Caelyx, Myocet)<\/li>\n<li>polymer-protein conjugates (PegIntron, Somavert)<\/li>\n<li>polymeric substances (Copaxone)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt\">Source : German Bundestag, Federal printed matter <a title=\"German Bundestag, Federal printed matter 17\/3771. \" href=\"https:\/\/dip.bundestag.de\/drucksache\/stand-und-perspektive-der-nanotechnologien\/29658\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">17\/3771<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8182 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-07_medicin\" data-dce-post-id=\"8182\" data-dce-post-index=\"6\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tAre there nanoparticles in flu vaccines?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Such vaccines against flu viruses don&#x2019;t contain any synthetic nanoparticles as they wouldn&#x2019;t have any task. Because the contact to the antibody-producing cells is made by injecting the vaccine directly into the blood, no &#x201C;fillers&#x201D; are needed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">The Paul-Ehrlich Institute (in Germany) gives the following information on its website:<br>\n<em>.....&quot;Although some of the components are in a size range of nanoparticles, it is not about synthetic nanoparticles.&quot;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"German Federal Institute for vaccines &amp; biomedicines, In&#xAD;fluen&#xAD;za Vac&#xAD;cines sea&#xAD;son&#xAD;al (2019\/2020)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pei.de\/EN\/medicinal-products\/vaccines-human\/influenza-flu\/influenza-flu-node.html?cms_tabcounter=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.pei.de\/EN\/medicinal-products\/vaccines-human\/influenza-flu\/influenza-flu-node.html?cms_tabcounter=0<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89a6ecf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"89a6ecf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ffbbd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4ffbbd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Legal<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a7fec dce-posts-layout-default dce-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"48a7fec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"style_items\":\"default\",\"accordion_start\":\"none\",\"accordion_close_other_sections\":\"yes\",\"accordion_speed\":{\"unit\":\"ms\",\"size\":300,\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts  dce-skin-accordion dce-skin-accordion-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-wrapper-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-27926 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-08_legal\" data-dce-post-id=\"27926\" data-dce-post-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhy is titanium dioxide under discussion as a &#x2018;<span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_9f24a364022f4e235ab3b1648f8ecdcd\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">carcinogen<\/span>&#x2019;?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>In 2021, at France's request, the European Commission classified titanium dioxide as &#x2018;carcinogenic by inhalation&#x2019;. This applies only to dust and not to liquids or cosmetics. Many products were nevertheless withdrawn from the market. In 2022, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) annulled the classification on several grounds (see judgment). France and the European Commission have appealed the ruling, which is why the proceedings are still ongoing. However, experts agree that titanium dioxide does not cause cancer. The animal experiments used very high doses, which led to a dust effect in the lungs (see dust lung, see material information <a href=\"https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/en\/element\/titanium-dioxide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Titanium dioxide<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-14306 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-08_legal\" data-dce-post-id=\"14306\" data-dce-post-index=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tHow are nanomaterials labeled in food when used ad food additives?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">In the European Union, nanomaterials, which are purposely used as food additives, have to be labeled with the suffix &#x201C;nano&#x201D;. This does not apply to nanomaterials that are not specifically used in food, but which may arise as byproducts during the manufacturing process.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">For more information on this topic, please refer to the article in our cross cutting section <a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/nanomaterials-in-food\/\">&#x201C;Nanomaterials in Food&#x201D;<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8150 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-08_legal\" data-dce-post-id=\"8150\" data-dce-post-index=\"2\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tDo nano-enhanced textile have to be officially registered?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">No, they do not. All chemicals including those used to enhance textile fibres are subject to the European chemicals legislation&#xA0;(<a title=\"REACH ECHA\" href=\"https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/regulations\/reach\/understanding-reach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">REACH<\/a>) or even stricter regulations such as the biocides' regulation and have to be approved in this context. Textiles for normal use in everyday life have neither to be tested nor approved by anyone.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/p><ul style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li>Further information on this topic &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/nanoparticles-in-textiles\/\">nano in textiles<\/a>&quot; can be found in our cross-cutting section!!!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8115 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-08_legal\" data-dce-post-id=\"8115\" data-dce-post-index=\"3\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tDo nanopesticides need approval before use?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Yes, the EU Biocidal Products Regulation has specific provisions for nanomaterials. These provisions apply for active and non-active substances. If a nanoform of an already approved pesticide shall be used, the nanoproduct needs extra approval by submitting a dossier with all required data.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"padding-left: 30px;text-align: left\">Read more about this topic in our cross cutting article &#x2013; &#x201C;<a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/basics\/cross-cutting\/nanomaterials-in-plant-protection-products\/\">Nanomaterials in plant protection products<\/a>&#x201D;!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8130 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-08_legal\" data-dce-post-id=\"8130\" data-dce-post-index=\"4\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhere can I find answers to legal questions about the use of nanomaterials?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">With nanotechnology being a cross-sectional technology, the nano-specific aspects are being addressed in various European directives and regulations. These include the legal areas of chemicals, food &amp; food contact materials, pesticides and biocides, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, occupational health &amp; safety and environmental protection.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">The website of the German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) provides information on regulations and preannouncements for workplace safety. The BAuA announcement &quot;Manufactured Nanomaterials&quot; (BekGS 527) from 2013 contains assessment values for the safe use of nanomaterials at the workplace.<br>\nREACH, the European regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals, also includes the nanoform of substances without specifically addressing and assessing the nanoform yet.<br>\nSince 2013 and 2014 respectively, regulations of cosmetics, biocides and food legislation include labelling requirements for nanosized ingredients.<\/p>\n<p>Further information on nano-specific regulations can be accessed via the following links<\/p>\n<p><strong>Germany<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA)&#xA0;- <a title=\"Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) - Nanotechnology\" href=\"https:\/\/www.baua.de\/EN\/Topics\/Safe-use-of-chemicals-and-products\/Innovative-materials\/Innovative-materials_node.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nanotechnology<\/a><\/li>\n<li>BAuA&#xA0;Announcement <a title=\"BAuA Announcement 527 &#x201C;Manufactured Nanomaterials&#x201D;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.baua.de\/EN\/Service\/Legislative-texts-and-technical-rules\/Rules\/TRGS\/Announcement-527.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">BekGS 527 &#x201C;Manufactured Nanomaterials&#x201D;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"REACH-CLP Helpdesk Germany\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reach-clp-biozid-helpdesk.de\/EN\/Home\/Home_node.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">REACH-CLP Helpdesk Germany<\/a><\/li>\n<li>German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV)&#xA0;- <a title=\"German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) &#x2013; General Information on regulations for nanotechnology (in GERMAN)\" href=\"http:\/\/nano.dguv.de\/en\/basics\/regulation\/overview\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">General Information on regulations for nanotechnology<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><br>\nSwitzerland<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH)&#xA0;&#x2013; <a title=\"Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH) &#x2013; Current Law\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bag.admin.ch\/bag\/en\/home\/gesund-leben\/umwelt-und-gesundheit\/chemikalien\/nanotechnologie\/rechtsetzung-und-vollzug.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Current Law<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><br>\nAustria<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"NanoinformationPortal - Regelungen (in GERMAN)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nanoinformation.at\/bereiche\/regelungen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NanoinformationPortal - Regelungen<\/a> (in GERMAN)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"REACH-CLP Helpdesk Austria (in GERMAN)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reachhelpdesk.at\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">REACH-CLP Helpdesk Austria<\/a> (in GERMAN)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8156 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-08_legal\" data-dce-post-id=\"8156\" data-dce-post-index=\"5\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat does it really mean when behind ingredients of cosmetics or foods the imprint &#x201C;nano&#x201D; appears?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">For a better information of the consumers since Jul 2013 (cosmetics) and Dec 2014 (food) it is regulated by law (EU), that not only &quot;titanium dioxide&quot; is in the list of ingredients, but also the information is added, whether this is nanoscale [titanium dioxide (nano)]!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Also regulated by law is that only safe and approved ingredients may be included in cosmetics and foods, which have been sufficiently tested for possible negative effects. Therefore, this is by no means a threat notice, but only an information about the ingredients!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8165 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-08_legal\" data-dce-post-id=\"8165\" data-dce-post-index=\"6\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tAre nanomaterials required to be licensed?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">This depends on where they are to be used. For some product groups, the handling of nanomaterials is regulated very precisely:<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left\">Cosmetics<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Dyes, preservatives and organic \/inorganic UV-blockers&#xA0;may only be used in cosmetics if they have undergone a safety assessment and are explicitly approved for the respective application. This also applies if they are available as nanomaterials. Additional requirements then apply to the safety assessments. If nanomaterials are to be used for other purposes, they do not have to be specifically approved, but must be notified to the EU Commission. This notification also includes all information on size and coating for the respective application, properties, toxicological profile and safety data. In both cases, the Commission thus knows in which particle size, purity and composition as well as with which coatings or impurities the nanomaterials are used in cosmetics. Substances which have not been authorised or registered in this way are prohibited for all types of cosmetic products.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left\">Food<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Nano-ingredients for food must always be approved. If it is a completely new, previously unused ingredient that is considered a &quot;technically produced nanomaterial&quot; within the meaning of the law, this ingredient must be specially evaluated and approved. The same applies to food additives: whether nanomaterials or not - additives may only be used after prior testing and approval and only for precisely defined applications in food. This also applies to additives that have already been authorised. If such a substance is produced differently (e.g. nano-small) or used with a new function, it is considered to be a completely new substance and must undergo the approval procedure again from the outset. So far, there are no approved nano-ingredients on the European market.<br>\nSo-called nanocapsules are often used in food supplements to keep vitamins and minerals dissolved or to transport them to the correct place in the body. However, these nanocapsules are not independent additives, but structures that form due to the chemical properties of their components. They have neither new properties nor their own biological effect and are therefore not considered nanomaterials by law. However, the &quot;building blocks&quot; from which they are formed are approved food additives.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left\">Packaging<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">In plastics for materials intended to come into contact with food - packaging, storage containers, pots, refrigerator interiors, etc. - nanomaterials can only be used if they have been tested for safety and approved for the application in question. But even for food contact materials that are not made of plastic, manufacturers must in any case ensure that they do not release any substances into the food and pose a risk to health. They must therefore also keep an eye on nanomaterials and their behaviour. Antibacterial coatings made of nano-silver for foils and tableware, which are occasionally advertised on the Internet, are then not permitted in the EU.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left\">Biocides<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Products that are intended to be effective against microorganisms and pests must undergo an approval procedure in the EU. The approval then applies to the active substance and its specific use, and additional safety requirements may be imposed (labelling, warning, etc.). Nanomaterials need their own approval, even if the active substance has already been approved in its larger version. In addition, the biocidal products, as they are ultimately to be used, must also be tested and authorised as a whole. For this purpose, the effects of the product on humans, animals and the environment are investigated and evaluated. If a product contains nanomaterials, these effects must be determined specifically using methods that have been proven to do justice to the special properties of nanomaterials.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left\">Other product groups<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Drugs and medical devices undergo very complex and extensive safety tests. Although there are no nano-rules of their own, the existing approval procedures also cover them. There are no special approval procedures for textiles, materials, paints and all other product groups. Here too, however, manufacturers must ensure that their products are safe in the intended and foreseeable application.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">In the EU, all chemicals must be registered, evaluated and authorised for use in Europe. This has also applied to nanomaterials since 2020. The registrant must carry out a risk assessment for humans and the environment for the respective registered forms. All actors within the supply chain, both registrants and downstream users, who are subject to the REACH regulation must collect and forward specific data for the nanoscale substances.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8166 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-08_legal\" data-dce-post-id=\"8166\" data-dce-post-index=\"7\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tIs it nano when the label says it is?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">Many companies promote their products as &#x201C;nano&#x201D; because nanotechnology is in vogue today: Software companies, for instance, offer &#x201C;nanotools&#x201D;, i.e. small additional programs that adapt existing software to the special needs of computer users. Tata &#x201C;Nano&#x201D; is a very small car manufactured by the Indian vehicle manufacturer Tata Motors. Car washs praise their &#x201C;nano&#x201D; polishes which contain finest substances for extra-brilliant finishes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">For all that, nanomaterials are not always used or contained in the respective products. Only cosmetics, food and biocides are obliged to label nanomaterials. In the list of ingredients, &quot;(nano)&quot; then appears behind the name of the respective substance. The conditions under which manufacturers may voluntarily advertise with &quot;nano&quot;, however, are not regulated.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">A &quot;nano-notice&quot; on the display side of packaging or in advertising may primarily be there to attract attention. Nevertheless, it can certainly be true. Industry and research have been doing experiments with very small structures for many years without necessarily having systematically developed them as &quot;nanomaterials&quot; in the sense of legal definitions. For example, nano-polishes for cars work by forming nano-fine surface structures after application. Micelles and liposomes, which encapsulate active ingredients in cosmetics and dietary supplements and keep them soluble, are also nano-small, but are produced solely by the chemical properties of their building blocks. And for many years <a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/knowledge\/materials\/titanium-dioxide\/\">titanium dioxide<\/a> has been used as a finely ground inorganic (also called mineral) sunscreen, before it became subject to labelling.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8184 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-08_legal\" data-dce-post-id=\"8184\" data-dce-post-index=\"8\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat are the legal requirements for nanomaterials?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">In Germany and at European and international level there are no specific legal requirements on nanotechnology. Chemicals (this includes nanomaterials) are subject to the Chemicals Act, and the safety and health protection of employees at the workplace is subject to the Occupational Health and Safety Act.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">In addition, since 1<sup>st<\/sup> July 2008 the European chemicals legislation <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reach-clp-biozid-helpdesk.de\/EN\/Home\/Home_node.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">REACH<\/a>&#xA0;has provided a framework for the registration of nanomaterials. Research projects are being carried out to determine whether there is a need for specific action.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Since 2013, nanomaterials must be labelled in cosmetic products. From EU Regulation No. 1223\/2009: &quot;<em>All components in the form of nanomaterials must be clearly listed in the list of components. <em>The designation of such ingredients must be followed by the word &quot;nano&quot; in brackets<\/em>.&quot;<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Since 13.12.2014, this also applies to the food industry: From EU Regulation No. 1169\/2011: &quot;<em>All ingredients present in the form of technically produced nanomaterials must be clearly listed in the list of ingredients. The designation of such ingredients must be followed by the word &quot;nano&quot; in brackets<\/em>.&quot;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd9fc3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dd9fc3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7017658 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7017658\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Material properties<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bebe3f0 dce-posts-layout-default dce-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"bebe3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"style_items\":\"default\",\"accordion_start\":\"none\",\"accordion_close_other_sections\":\"yes\",\"accordion_speed\":{\"unit\":\"ms\",\"size\":300,\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts  dce-skin-accordion dce-skin-accordion-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-wrapper-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8131 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-09_material-properties\" data-dce-post-id=\"8131\" data-dce-post-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tIs there a change in flammability and explosiveness of a material in its nanoform?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: justify\">Yes. Hazardous properties like flammability or explosiveness of certain substances or materials also apply to their nanoform. Here the material reacts with the oxygen from the air (oxidization) and releases energy in form of radiation \/ heat or as a shock wave (explosions). Especially oxidable metals and metal powders have this pyrophoric (spontaneous combustion) property.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The smaller the particle size of a flammable substance is, the easier it is to ignite the material thereby increasing its flammability. Nanomaterials have a lower ignition temperature compared to microscale particles and can be oxidized faster due to the higher specific surface area. The same is true for the explosiveness of flammable powdered nanomaterials. First the flammable nanomaterials and their respective agglomerates have to be finely distributed in the air (dust formation). Then, the air-nanomaterial-mixture is ignited resulting in an explosion. Usually, significantly less minimum energy is required to ignite nanoscale materials compared to their macroscale form.<\/p>\n<p>Standardised testing methods like <a title=\"DIN EN 13501-(1-6) FIRE CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS AND BUILDING ELEMENTS\" href=\"https:\/\/standards.globalspec.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DIN EN 13501<\/a> are used to assess the flammability o different materials. In 2016, a new ISO standard was published for the testing of explosive materials (<a title=\"ISO\/IEC 80079-20-2:2016, Explosive atmospheres -- Part 20-2: Material characteristics -- Combustible dusts test methods\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/66564.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ISO\/IEC 80079-20-2:2016<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Further information on this topics can be found online:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) - <a href=\"https:\/\/www.baua.de\/EN\/Topics\/Work-design\/Risk-assessment\/Expert-knowledge\/Hazardous-substances\/Hazardous-substances_node.html\">Fire and explosion hazards<\/a><\/li>\n<li>German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) - <a title=\"German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) - Nanotechnology\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dguv.de\/fb-rci\/sachgebiete\/gefahrstoffe\/nanotechnologie\/index-2.jsp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nanotechnology<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH) &#x2013; <a title=\"Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH) &#x2013; Nanotechnology\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bag.admin.ch\/bag\/en\/home\/gesund-leben\/umwelt-und-gesundheit\/chemikalien\/nanotechnologie.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nanotechnology<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8168 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-09_material-properties\" data-dce-post-id=\"8168\" data-dce-post-index=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tHow can it be explained that nanoparticles change their optical properties?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\"><em>Question: &quot;Why, for example, are titanium dioxide nanoparticles transparent once they have reached a certain size?&quot;<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">This is due to a physical effect. Any object that is clearly smaller than the wavelength of the visible light is invisible. Visible light is composed of wavelengths in the range of approximately 380 &#x2013; 790 nanometers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Particles that measure e.g. 100 nanometers are not visible anymore. This, however, happens only under extraordinary conditions: As soon as several particles are found one in front of or beside the other, they (normally) take on a white color and become visible again due to e.g. diffraction or <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_61e430815d0fc3e6487ab07f0b1503df\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">dispersion<\/span>. In spite of this, not all of the particles&#x2019; chemical and physical properties change at the nanolevel. <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_f6fd8532a825e16b9830f66176590fb3\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Absorption<\/span> properties, for example, persist i.e., the particles do not reflect light anymore, thus are transparent but actually absorb UV radiation.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31bcd3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"31bcd3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c380a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c380a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sustainability<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b21fcc dce-posts-layout-default dce-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"7b21fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"style_items\":\"default\",\"accordion_start\":\"none\",\"accordion_close_other_sections\":\"yes\",\"accordion_speed\":{\"unit\":\"ms\",\"size\":300,\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts  dce-skin-accordion dce-skin-accordion-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-wrapper-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-20216 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-10_sustainability\" data-dce-post-id=\"20216\" data-dce-post-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat is a <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_cedf31479eda3e24b91afd31444bd630\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">life cycle assessment<\/span>?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>A life cycle assessment (LCA; also called ecobalance) is a method for analysing environmental impacts of a product or service that considers the entire life cycle, starting with the procurement of the raw material, through processing, distribution, use and end-of-life disposal. A life cycle analysis calculates in detail for a product or service the energy and resource use and the potential health and environmental impacts. For this purpose, various indicators such as energy and raw material consumption or the release of pollutants are taken into account. Life cycle analysis can be used, for example, to determine which of two products uses fewer resources or which is more environmentally friendly. There are different types of life cycle analysis, which, among other things, consider different phases of the life cycle of a product. One aspect, for example, is the calculation of the carbon footprint.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/38498.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ISO 14044:2006 standard<\/a> specifies certain requirements and provides guidelines for life cycle analysis.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-20224 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-10_sustainability\" data-dce-post-id=\"20224\" data-dce-post-index=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat means circular economy?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>In the linear economy, also called the &quot;throwaway economy&quot;, large parts of the raw materials used are landfilled or incinerated after the respective use phase of products. In contrast to that, the circular economy is designed to recycle a large part of the raw materials used after product usage, or to extend the use phase of a product through durable construction. Other measures include reducing emissions and energy use, maintenance, repair and reuse. Recycling is seen as the last means of choice in the circular economy.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-20230 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-10_sustainability\" data-dce-post-id=\"20230\" data-dce-post-index=\"2\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tHow are sustainability and climate change connected?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>A sustainable life style helps to protect the climate. The mere use of public transport or the bicycle instead of the car by individuals saves a large amount of CO2. In addition, many more people can be transported at the same time by bus or train. Replacing old appliances with modern ones with high energy efficiency classes provides enormous energy savings (e.g. light bulbs with LED lighting). Innovative materials make it possible to generate renewable energy, for example. Hydrogen produced in this way (green hydrogen) can contribute to modern mobility.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-20228 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-10_sustainability\" data-dce-post-id=\"20228\" data-dce-post-index=\"3\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tCan innovative materials stop climate change?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>In addition to measures such as reforestation or moorland rewetting, material innovations are an instrument against climate change. Innovative materials in products such as solar cells or batteries, for example, can help to ensure that more solar energy is converted into electricity, regenerative energies are better stored, fewer raw materials are used and overall fewer climate-damaging emissions are produced. Combined with improved recycling strategies, these measures help to slow down climate change. But this can only succeed in connection with further societal transformation processes (e.g. mobility, urban development).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-20236 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-10_sustainability\" data-dce-post-id=\"20236\" data-dce-post-index=\"4\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat is the importance of recycling for sustainability?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>Recycling is the process of reprocessing discarded reusable materials into a new product. By collecting, separating and recycling reusable materials, raw materials are recovered and resources are conserved. The recovered raw materials can be used for the production of new products and waste is avoided. However, recycling is only truly sustainable when the raw materials can be recovered with as little energy input as possible, and the resulting material is of high purity. For the sustainability of a product, the reduction of raw material use in production and a longer service life have a higher significance.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-20240 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-10_sustainability\" data-dce-post-id=\"20240\" data-dce-post-index=\"5\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tThe concept of safe and sustainable design &#x2013; relevant for innovative materials?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>There is still no generally accepted definition of the SSbD concept (Safe and substainable by Design). In general, the SSbD concept applies to chemicals, materials, products and processes and thus also to innovative materials. The concept aims to integrate safety, recyclability and functionality of chemicals and materials, with the overall objective of minimising environmental impacts throughout their life cycle and along the entire value chain. The SSbD concept is currently being further developed and specific criteria for SSbD of chemicals and materials defined.<\/p>\n<p>In this way, the SSbD concept supports the vision of the EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability (CSS). The aim of this strategy is to produce and use chemicals in a way that maximises their benefits to society while avoiding harm to the planet and people.<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Source:<\/strong> European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Caldeira, C., Farcal, R., Moretti, C., et al., Safe and sustainable by design chemicals and materials : review of safety and sustainability dimensions, aspects, methods, indicators, and tools, Publications Office of the European Union, 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2760\/879069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2760\/879069<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-20245 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-10_sustainability\" data-dce-post-id=\"20245\" data-dce-post-index=\"6\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat are planetary boundaries?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>Planetary Boundaries describe a concept that defines nine environmental boundaries for our planet: Climate Change, New Substances and Modified Life Forms, Stratospheric Ozone Loss, Atmospheric Aerosol Content, Ocean Acidification, Biogeochemical Fluxes, Freshwater Use, Land Use Change and Biosphere Intactness.<\/p>\n<p>Human-induced perturbations of Earth systems (e.g. increase in atmospheric CO2, ocean acidification) are calculated and visualised for each of the boundaries. As long as humans operate within the stress limits, humanity act within a &quot;safe operation space&quot;. Crossing one or more planetary boundaries carries the risk of abrupt environmental changes that can be harmful or even catastrophic.<\/p>\n<p>Within the concept of planetary boundaries, economic systems and societies are embedded in the biosphere and therefore depend on its preservation. It sees the economy as an integral part of our society that must develop exclusively within planetary boundaries. Four planetary boundaries are defined as non-negotiable, namely: drinking water, climate, biodiversity and oceans. Therefore, according to the concept, sustainability goals 6 (water), 13 (climate), 14 (aquatic life) and 15 (terrestrial life) are of fundamental importance.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-350a6ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"350a6ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1f78d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f1f78d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Education<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-294a01d dce-posts-layout-default dce-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"294a01d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"style_items\":\"default\",\"accordion_start\":\"none\",\"accordion_close_other_sections\":\"yes\",\"accordion_speed\":{\"unit\":\"ms\",\"size\":300,\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts  dce-skin-accordion dce-skin-accordion-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-wrapper-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8127 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-11_education\" data-dce-post-id=\"8127\" data-dce-post-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat types of education exist for the field of nanotechnology?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: justify\">Nanotechnology is used in a wide range of industrial sectors either manufacturing or applying nanoproducts. These include the sectors chemistry, electronics, mechanical engineering and pharmacology. For the company-based vocational training, relevant aspects of nanotechnology are incorporated within existing training professions, which may vary depending on the industry.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In Higher Education (college, university), there are a number of different nano-related courses for bachelor, master and doctoral degree programs. In addition to the nano-specific topics nanotechnology, nanoscience, nanomaterials or nano-biotechnology, this topic is also being addressed by other disciplines like chemistry, physics, materials sciences, biology and related application areas. In order to get a job in this field, a special course of studies on nanotechnology might be interesting but is not required in principle.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">&#xA0;<\/p>\n<p>Further information on education possibilities for nanotechnology can be found on various online portals, e.g.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Germany: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.studienwahl.de\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.studienwahl.de\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.studienwahl.de<\/a>&#xA0;<\/li>\n<li>Austria: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.studienwahl.at\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.studienwahl.at\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.studienwahl.at<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Switzerland: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.berufsberatung.ch\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.berufsberatung.ch\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.berufsberatung.ch<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3f0fff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f3f0fff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c36a4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c36a4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Public debate<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cf389d dce-posts-layout-default dce-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"4cf389d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"style_items\":\"default\",\"accordion_start\":\"none\",\"accordion_close_other_sections\":\"yes\",\"accordion_speed\":{\"unit\":\"ms\",\"size\":300,\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts  dce-skin-accordion dce-skin-accordion-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-wrapper-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8163 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-13_public-debate\" data-dce-post-id=\"8163\" data-dce-post-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tHow much federal funding has been provided in the period from 2009 to 2012 for safety research in the field of nanotechnology?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">The German Federal Ministries of Education and Research (BMBF), Environment - Nature - Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), Labour and Social Affairs (BMAS), and Food - Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMEL) have been spending approximately 14.18 million &#x20AC; per year on risk research projects and supporting research.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8172 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-13_public-debate\" data-dce-post-id=\"8172\" data-dce-post-index=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tWhat&#xB4;s the opinion of the EU on nanotechnology?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>The EU sees nanotechnology as one of the leading technologies. See also the Lund Declaration from July 2009 <em>&quot;The Lund Declaration: EUROPE MUST FOCUS ON THE GRAND CHALLENGES OF OUR TIME<\/em> (<a class=\"extern\" title=\"The Lund Declaration (July 2009): EUROPE MUST FOCUS ON THE GRAND CHALLENGES OF OUR TIME \" href=\"files\/faq\/lund_declaration_final_version_9_july.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PDF-Document, 105 KB <i class=\"dashicons-pdf\"><\/i><\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>&#xA0;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8176 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-13_public-debate\" data-dce-post-id=\"8176\" data-dce-post-index=\"2\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tHow does the chemical industry participate in the social debate on nanotechnology?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\">The chemical industry is contributing to the social debate on nanotechnology in two ways: by providing information and by engaging in dialogues. Employees present their own research results to the public at conferences and in publications. Some companies inform about topics like work protection or about a nanotechnology code of conduct (<a class=\"extern\" title=\"EU-Codex 2008\" href=\"files\/faq\/EU-Recommendation-Nano-Codex-2008.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">EU-Codex <i class=\"dashicons-pdf\"><\/i><\/a>) on their websites.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">The chemical industry is proactive on possible concerns and worries of people regarding their products. It participated with own works in research projects like NanoCare, INOS and TRACER and is involved in the public dialogue. The industry also takes part in other ongoing research projects like Carbosafe.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8177 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-13_public-debate\" data-dce-post-id=\"8177\" data-dce-post-index=\"3\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tDoes a moratorium make sense?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left\"><em>Question: &quot;Is it reasonable to call for a regulation that prohibits further research on nanotechnology?&quot;<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Not from the point of view of DaNa and the NanoCare Cluster. There are indeed still some knowledge gaps, but that is this way with every new area of research. These gaps will be closed by the new findings from the numerous national, European and international projects. In our opinion there are so many positive aspects to nanotechnology (i.e. in the medical sector or in the protection of the environment.) that a moratorium would be contra productive.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">As many processes in nature take place on the nanoscale, research on nanotechnology will lead to a better understanding of these natural processes. Advances in medicine would be very difficult if research on nanotechnology was not allowed any more. Of course the intended goals of every single project have to be validated. Ethically dubious projects are rejected by most scientists and all sponsors.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">For the nanotechnologists their science is just like any other: what matters are the people working in this field and what they make of it.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08fa318 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"08fa318\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ce6d0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ce6d0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Other<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add2dce dce-posts-layout-default dce-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-dce-dynamicposts-v2\" data-id=\"add2dce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings='{\"style_items\":\"default\",\"accordion_start\":\"none\",\"accordion_close_other_sections\":\"yes\",\"accordion_speed\":{\"unit\":\"ms\",\"size\":300,\"sizes\":[]}}' data-widget_type=\"dce-dynamicposts-v2.accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-fix-background-loop dce-posts-container dce-posts  dce-skin-accordion dce-skin-accordion-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"dce-posts-wrapper dce-wrapper-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8159 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-15_other\" data-dce-post-id=\"8159\" data-dce-post-index=\"0\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tHow can I protect myself from nanoparticles?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p>As nanoparticles are omnipresent in the natural environment, one cannot really protect oneself from them in daily life and dust masks help only partially. Up to 10,000 naturally occurring nanoparticles per cubic centimeter fly around in clean air. The smoke of one cigarette increases the amount of these particles to over 100,000 in the surrounding area. The natural nanoparticles derive from dust storms (e.g. in the Sahara), forest fires, volcanic eruptions, etc., and can be transported over large distances. Normally, this is nothing to worry about, because our body can handle these nanoparticles. Yet, in principle, protection is possible: In the <span class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"cmtt_29fd131a0d512eb1f0aa4ee91141bd26\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">nanoparticle<\/span> industry, employers must provide appropriate protective equipment (fume hoods, clothing, masks with &quot;nano-filters&quot;) to ensure that employees are not endangered. For best possible protection, the maximum allowable values are reviewed annually.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"dce-post dce-post-item dce-item-accordion post-8160 faq type-faq status-publish hentry faq_category-15_other\" data-dce-post-id=\"8160\" data-dce-post-index=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div><span><span class=\"icon dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"icon-active dce-accordion-icon accordion-icon-left\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"accordion-title accordion-title\">\n\t\t\tIs cell phone radiation nanoparticulate?\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"dce-post-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"dce-item dce-item_content elementor-repeater-item-7df57ba\"><div class=\"dce-post-content\"><p style=\"text-align: justify\">No. It is electromagnetic.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Definitions Are nanomaterials per se toxic or dangerous? No, they are not. The size of a material alone does not [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24799,"parent":23487,"menu_order":30,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-24806","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>FAQs - MANTRA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/materialneutral.info\/en\/safety\/faqs\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"FAQs - MANTRA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Definitions Are nanomaterials per se toxic or dangerous? 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