Glossary

  • (also: battery, secondary cell, obsolete: collector) is a storage device for electrical energy, usually based on an electrochemical system, i.e. a rechargeable or secondary cell.
  • Denotes a sudden, rapid, short-term effect (e.g. a fast occurring toxic effect).
  • Short for Acceptable daily intake, is a measure of the amount of a specific substance (originally applied for a food additive, later also for a residue of a veterinary drug or pesticide) in food or drinking water that can be ingested (orally) on a daily basis over a lifetime without an(...)
  • The term ´adverse´ means  harmful or undesirable effects that change metabolism appearance growth development or life span of an organism which results in impairment of functional capacity or impairment of capacity to compensate for additional stress or increase in susceptibility to the(...)
  • The term ´adverse´ means  harmful or undesirable effects that change metabolism appearance growth development or life span of an organism which results in impairment of functional capacity or impairment of capacity to compensate for additional stress or increase in susceptibility to the(...)
  • The term ´adverse´ means  harmful or undesirable effects that change metabolism appearance growth development or life span of an organism which results in impairment of functional capacity or impairment of capacity to compensate for additional stress or increase in susceptibility to the(...)
  • General term for mixtures of gases (e.g. air) that contain suspended solid or liquid particles (so-called particulate matter), which are approximately 1 nm to 10 μm in diameter. Sea salt aerosols, for example, are formed as sea water droplets that are dispersed into the atmosphere by wind(...)
  • Accumulations of weakly bound particles or aggregates or of compounds of these, whose resulting surfaces are similar to the sum of surfaces of the individual components. Agglomerates are held together by weak forces, for example Van der Waals forces or simple physical hooks. Agglomerates are(...)
  • Solidly bound or molten particles, whose resulting surface may be much smaller than the sum of the calculated surfaces of the individual components. Aggregates are held together by strong forces such as covalent bonds or forces caused by sintering or complex physical hooking. Aggregates, just(...)
  • From Latin alveolus, 'little cavity'. Thin-walled, tiny air sacs, located at the ends of the smallest airways in the lungs (the bronchioles) where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
  • Greek amorphos = shapeless. In physics and chemistry, this refers to a substance whose atoms do not form an ordered structure. antonyme to crystalline.
  • Describes a foreign substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. Many bacteria contain antigens. Toxins, viruses, blood cells or cells from foreign transplants can act as antigens as well.
  • Any substance that prevents or reduces free-oxygen-radicals, which attack other molecules and modify their chemical structure. Antioxidants are commonly used as preservatives in food or cosmetics. Well-known antioxidants include vitamins A, C and E.
  • Any substance that prevents or reduces free-oxygen-radicals, which attack other molecules and modify their chemical structure. Antioxidants are commonly used as preservatives in food or cosmetics. Well-known antioxidants include vitamins A, C and E.
  • Any substance that prevents or reduces free-oxygen-radicals, which attack other molecules and modify their chemical structure. Antioxidants are commonly used as preservatives in food or cosmetics. Well-known antioxidants include vitamins A, C and E.
  • Any substance that prevents or reduces free-oxygen-radicals, which attack other molecules and modify their chemical structure. Antioxidants are commonly used as preservatives in food or cosmetics. Well-known antioxidants include vitamins A, C and E.
  • Physiological or programmed cell death. In apoptosis only individual cells are affected generally and these react to internal signals (e.g. adjacent cells) or external stress situations. At the beginning of this process the cell nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria are shrinking; the cell(...)
  • Greek for bios - life and Latin for accumulare - pile up accumulate; is the accumulation of a substance in an organism by absorption from the surrounding medium (e.g. water in fish) and through food.
  • Refers to the rate and extent to which a substance is absorbed unchanged from the environment or the gastrointestinal tract into the body. The amount taken up does not necessarily correspond to the amount present in food or in the environment of a living organism.
  • Greek for bios - life and compatible; substances having no negative impact on living organisms or tissues behave neutrally in the body and do not cause allergic or toxic (poisonous) reactions. Particularly relevant for implants (e.g. made of diamond zirconium dioxide titanium) that are(...)
  • Greek for bios - life and compatible; substances having no negative impact on living organisms or tissues behave neutrally in the body and do not cause allergic or toxic (poisonous) reactions. Particularly relevant for implants (e.g. made of diamond zirconium dioxide titanium) that are(...)
  • Greek for bios - life and Latin magnificare - increase; is the accumulation of a substance in an organism, only taking the dietary intake into account.
  • Literal meaning „from bottom to top“. Production process starting from small units (from atoms, for example in nanotechology).
  • Or buckyball, these are other terms for the carbon compounds described under fullerenes. They are derived from the name of Buckminster Fuller, the ”inventor“ of the fullerene structures.
  • Or buckyball, these are other terms for the carbon compounds described under fullerenes. They are derived from the name of Buckminster Fuller, the ”inventor“ of the fullerene structures.
  • A substance, an organism or a radiation that causes or promotes cancer.
  • Denotes a slowly occurring or long-lasting effect (e.g. toxic effects occurring only after long exposure time or a protracted inflammation).
  • describes a complex model system for the simultaneous cultivation of different cell types which mimics the interaction of the cell types in the natural environment (organs, body). A well-known example for this are lung models that consist of lung epithelial cells, macrophages, endothelial(...)
  • describes a complex model system for the simultaneous cultivation of different cell types which mimics the interaction of the cell types in the natural environment (organs, body). A well-known example for this are lung models that consist of lung epithelial cells, macrophages, endothelial(...)
  • Is a covering that is applied as a thin film to the surface of an object, e.g. nanoparticles. Coatings are applied to improve surface properties of the nanoparticles, such as solubility adhesion, wetability and corrosion resistance and to reduce dissolution of ions. Frequently used coatings in(...)
  • Very small solid particles (typically smaller than 10 µm) suspended in a solvent. Compared with solids in suspensions, solids in a colloid do not precipitate, i.e. do not sink to the bottom of a vessel. In liquids, colloids are recognized by clouding and/or the so-called Tyndall effect.
  • Collective term for measures related to volume, e.g. g/ml, kg/l, g/cm3. Due to their high surface/volume ratio, for nanoparticles instead of mass-related, surface-related concentration ranges, e.g. cm2/ml is frequently used.
  • Describes the regular arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystal lattice. Different lattice structures of the same material (e.g. titanium dioxide) give nanoparticles different chemical and physical properties (e.g. photocatalytic activity).
  • Refers to substances where the atoms are regularly arranged in grid structures. Opposite = amorphous.
  • Is referred to as the entire living content of a cell, which is enclosed to the outside by the cell membrane.
  • Also intracellular fluid or cytoplasmic matrix; cytosol is referred to as the liquid components of the cytoplasm of cells. The cytosol consists of water and therein dissolved ions, small molecules and larger water-soluble molecules, such as proteins.
  • Materials that are impurified during production with small parts of another material (intentional impurification) are referred to as doped materials. Such traces of other elements can decisively affect the properties of a material, as, for example, is the case with different types of steel. In(...)
  • Term for the amount of a substance, which acts within a specific time or to a specific organism (see also LD50). In toxicity testing of nanoparticles, dose information, such as number of particles/cell or µg particles/cm2 surface area are used.
  • From Greek oikós - house and sýstema - the connected one. An ecosystem describes the association of a habitat (e.g. a forest) with the community of several very different species (plants, animals, microorganisms) living there.
  • From Greek oikós - house and sýstema - the connected one. An ecosystem describes the association of a habitat (e.g. a forest) with the community of several very different species (plants, animals, microorganisms) living there.
  • Greek for electron - amber and lytikós - soluble, a chemical compound that contains mobile ions, which move under the influence of a directional electric field thus generating electrical conductivity of the solution.
  • is a method for representing very small structures. By using an electron beam instead of light significantly better resolution of about 0.1 nm is achieved, so this type of microscopy often used to detect nanoparticles in cells. The two distinctions are TEM and SEM.
  • Describes the elemental ratio for a substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements. For some nanomaterials, this specific ratio can be used to identify the nanomaterials in complex samples like in the environment.
  • Greek for éndon - inside and kytos - a cell, denotes the inclusion of foreign material (microorganisms, particles or solutes) into the cell through invagination and pinching off of portions of the cell membrane with the formation of a vesicle.
  • Describes processes originating or being produced within an organism, tissue, or cell.
  • Greek endo - inside und soma - body, are vesicles of animal and plant cells that are formed during endocytosis. They belong to the organelles of the cell.
  • The tissue which forms a single layer of cells lining various organs and cavities of the body, especially the blood vessels, heart and lymphatic vessels.
  • Greek for en - in and zýmē - leaven or yeast. Enzymes are proteins which act as biochemical catalysts by splitting or otherwise changing substances (e.g. sugar). They are involved in the biochemical reaction but are not changed by the reaction.
  • Derived from the Greek terms epi - upon among; demos - people district; logos - study. 'The study of what is upon the people'. Scientific studies are dealing with the reasons, impacts and extension of health related substances in populations. Epidemiological studies show impacts of toxic(...)
  • The thin tissue forming the outer layer of a body's surface and lining the alimentary canal and other hollow structures.
  • Describes processes having an external cause or origin.
  • Means to expose an object to a particular influence: In the case of nanomaterials, in particular, the contact of humans, animals or the environment with the possibility of incorporating nanomaterials. Both the quantity and the period of ingestion are of concern. For more information, see(...)
  • is the property of a material to emit light of a certain wavelength after it has been irradiated with light of another wavelength (usually of higher energy).
  • Atoms or molecules that contain one or several unpaired electrons and, in that sense, are „free“. Correspondingly, any free radical has an electron that stands alone. Many free radicals are highly reactive, meaning that they have a strong tendency to arrange in pairs and, thus, escape the(...)
  • Takes place when the process of phagocytosis is disturbed or prevented because the particles or fibres are too large or too long for uptake by the macrophages. The macrophage "chokes" on such particles and dies. At the same time triggering an inflammatory process that can become chronic and(...)
  • Abbreviation for granular biopersistent dust particles, without a known intrinsic toxicity. This includes all dust particles (in the micro- as well as in the nanometer scale), which 1. can be inhaled, 2. exhibit no systemic toxic effects and 3. which are not or only poorly degradable by the(...)
  • Genotoxic effects are damages to the genetic material of organisms (DNA). They can lead to mutations or increase the error rate in the doubling of DNA at each cell division. Genotoxicity is therefore not necessarily associated with mutagenicity.
  • Genotoxic effects are damages to the genetic material of organisms (DNA). They can lead to mutations or increase the error rate in the doubling of DNA at each cell division. Genotoxicity is therefore not necessarily associated with mutagenicity.
  • Describes the resistance of a solid material against penetration of another solid body. It is determined by means of scratching (Mohs hardness number in geology) or by indentation methods (materials science) which differ with respect to the indenter and the load regime (Vickers, Rockwell,(...)
  • Describes the resistance of a solid material against penetration of another solid body. It is determined by means of scratching (Mohs hardness number in geology) or by indentation methods (materials science) which differ with respect to the indenter and the load regime (Vickers, Rockwell,(...)
  • is the rupture or destruction of red blood cells and release of cellular contents (e.g. hemoglobin) into the plasma.
  • Science concerned with the study of microscopic changes in diseased tissues.
  • Are natural organic constituents of humus, soil, peat and coal. The group of different acids is formed by partial degradation of remains of dead organisms in the soil.
  • Are natural organic constituents of humus, soil, peat and coal. The group of different acids is formed by partial degradation of remains of dead organisms in the soil.
  • Are natural organic constituents of humus, soil, peat and coal. The group of different acids is formed by partial degradation of remains of dead organisms in the soil.
  • Greek hydor - water and philia - love: water-loving. Describing the character of a molecule, a substance, or a surface, which has an affinity to water.
  • Greek hydros - water and phobos - fear: water repelling. Describing the character of a molecule, a substance, or a surface, which has a low affinity to water.
  • Is the targeted overheating of tumor tissue (> 40°C), usually by means of electromagnetic waves, in order to kill the surrounding tumor cells.
  • Latin in silicio - in Silicium. Means the simulation of biological and biochemical processes using computer programs.
  • Typical response of animal tissues to potentially damaging stimuli e.g. by physical stimuli (pressure), chemical stimuli (heat or cold), or by micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria), with the function to remove this stimulus and to prevent its spread. Some technical nanoparticles are suspected to(...)
  • Typical response of animal tissues to potentially damaging stimuli e.g. by physical stimuli (pressure), chemical stimuli (heat or cold), or by micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria), with the function to remove this stimulus and to prevent its spread. Some technical nanoparticles are suspected to(...)
  • Describes the direct administration of a drug, liquid solution or suspension into a venous blood vessel.
  • Describes the direct administration of a drug, liquid solution or suspension into a venous blood vessel.
  • Abbreviation IEP, also pI or point of zero charge, is an important parameter for assessing the behaviour of nanoparticles in aqueous surroundings. The IEP is the pH of an aqueous suspension, where the positive and negative charges on the particle surfaces are balanced. The IEP for each(...)
  • Abbreviation IEP, also pI or point of zero charge, is an important parameter for assessing the behaviour of nanoparticles in aqueous surroundings. The IEP is the pH of an aqueous suspension, where the positive and negative charges on the particle surfaces are balanced. The IEP for each(...)
  • Dedicated use of land for disposing waste in an engineered facility.
  • In landfills, leachate is produced by the infiltrating rain that seeps through the waste. Leachate contains extracted solutes, suspended solids and any other component of the material that are transferred from the solid phase to the liquid phase.
  • Short LCA. Systematic analysis of the environmental impacts of products throughout the life cycle ("cradle-to-grave").
  • Short LCA. Systematic analysis of the environmental impacts of products throughout the life cycle ("cradle-to-grave").
  • Greek lipos - fat and philia - love: fat-loving having, an affinity to fat and high lipid solubility.
  • Greek lipos - fat and phobos - fear: avoiding fat, having a low affinity to fat and a high affinity to water.
  • Derived from the Greek terms lípos = fat and sōma = body; synonyms are lipid vesicles or fat globules. They can be found naturally in cells or synthetically produced as spherical structures (diameters from 25 nanometers to 1 micron). They function as drug carriers which in turn are selectively(...)
  • Small organells sorrounded by a membrane. The main function is to digest and to disrupt foreign material or body's own substances by the enzymes contained in them.
  • Greek makros - large and phagein - eat. Big eaters, cells of the immune system serve to eliminate microorganisms or particles by phagocytosis; especially in areas of inflammation.
  • Greek makros - large and phagein - eat. Big eaters, cells of the immune system serve to eliminate microorganisms or particles by phagocytosis; especially in areas of inflammation.
  • is a rare cancer of the connective tissue, e.g. of the pleura. Since these tumours are often associated with an ingestion of asbestos, this disease is also called asbestosis. The time from ingestion to the appearance of the tumour can be over 40 years. This is also the reason why deaths from(...)
  • Describes a transfection method where microscopically small substances such as antibodies, organelles or DNA are injected in very small amounts in a single cell using a very fine glass micropipette. This procedure is normally performed using a specialised microscope setup, a so-called(...)
  • The term "micro" comes from the Greek word mikrós = small. Abbreviation = µm. 1 µm is one thousandth of a millimeter or one millionth of a meter, or 1/1.000,000 or 1/1 million m.
  • The term "micro" comes from the Greek word mikrós = small. Abbreviation = µm. 1 µm is one thousandth of a millimeter or one millionth of a meter, or 1/1.000,000 or 1/1 million m.
  • The term "micro" comes from the Greek word mikrós = small. Abbreviation = µm. 1 µm is one thousandth of a millimeter or one millionth of a meter, or 1/1.000,000 or 1/1 million m.
  • Is the simulation of different processes (biochemical processes in cells, material flows of nanoparticles in ecosystems) using especially developed computer programs. By changing relevant parameters of a process, modelling allows predictions and saves laborious experiments.
  • Is the simulation of different processes (biochemical processes in cells, material flows of nanoparticles in ecosystems) using especially developed computer programs. By changing relevant parameters of a process, modelling allows predictions and saves laborious experiments.
  • Abbreviation for the dye compound 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromidefor. Measuring the functionality of animal and human cells. Colorimetric assay for measuring the activity of enzymes that reduce MTT or close dyes.
  • Describes the self-cleaning mechanism of the bronchi during which mucus and other materials are removed from the airways by the cilia of the epithelial cells.
  • Describes the capacity of certain chemicals or high energy radiation to cause changes in the genetic material (DNA), known as mutations.
  • Describes the capacity of certain chemicals or high energy radiation to cause changes in the genetic material (DNA), known as mutations.
  • Also referred to as hybrid materials, are materials (often polymers) that contain well-distributed nanoparticles or other nanostructures (e.g. nanopores). However, one also speaks of nanocomposites when different nanoparticles together form a "nanogranular" material.
  • Is the transformed formulation of conventional fertilizer using nanotechnology. Nanoscale or nanostructured materials act as fertilizer carriers to enable controlled-release, enhanced solubility and enhanced nutrient use efficiency. In contrast to the convential fertilizer the soil impact is(...)
  • Nano-object with two similar external dimensions in the nanoscale and a third significantly larger. See also ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, International Organization for Standardization
  • Material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale. This is a generic term for all nanoscale objects. See also ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, International Organization for Standardization
  • Nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale. See also ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, International Organization for Standardization
  • Nano-object with one external dimension in the nanoscale and two other external dimensions significantly larger. See also ISO/TS 80004-2:2015 International Organization for Standardization
  • Nano-object with one external dimension in the nanoscale and two other external dimensions significantly larger. See also ISO/TS 80004-2:2015 International Organization for Standardization
  • Size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm.
  • ranging in size from 1 to 100 nanometers
  • Separately collected or collectable waste materials which are or contain engineered nanomaterials.
  • A group of compounds derived from the decay of dead plants and animals. Natural organic matter is present throughout the ecosystem.
  • A group of compounds derived from the decay of dead plants and animals. Natural organic matter is present throughout the ecosystem.
  • Greek nékrosis - dead. Unplanned cell death, such as through injury. In this case, the cell contents are released, which damage the environment and cause inflammation. Necrosis always means danger for the body.
  • Greek nékrosis - dead. Unplanned cell death, such as through injury. In this case, the cell contents are released, which damage the environment and cause inflammation. Necrosis always means danger for the body.
  • Latin noxa – damage, every harmful effect on man and/or environment.
  • Refers to functional systems within a (eukaryotic) cell, which are enclosed by a lipid membrane, e.g. Mitochondria, chloroplasts, the nucleus, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes or the endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Refers to functional systems within a (eukaryotic) cell, which are enclosed by a lipid membrane, e.g. Mitochondria, chloroplasts, the nucleus, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes or the endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Results from an imbalance between the intracellular production of free radicals and the cellular defense mechanisms. The balance between oxidants and antioxidants may be disturbed by the increase in free radicals or the reduction of antioxidant substances. Oxidative stress may cause(...)
  • Is divided into several subgroups according to particle size. PM10 covers all particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometre and less followed by PM2.5 for all particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2,5 micrometre and less and ultrafine particles with an(...)
  • Is divided into several subgroups according to particle size. PM10 covers all particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometre and less followed by PM2.5 for all particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2,5 micrometre and less and ultrafine particles with an(...)
  • Greek pathos - suffering and genesis - origin, a disease causing. All substances or organisms that can cause a disease are summarised as pathogens.
  • Greek pathos - suffering and genesis - origin, a disease causing. All substances or organisms that can cause a disease are summarised as pathogens.
  • Refers to a molecule that is composed of 2 or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds (chemical bond between carboxyl and amino group of two adjacent amino acids).
  • Refers to an isolated organ (e.g. liver or placenta) that is perfused in the laboratory with a nutrient solution instead of blood and can thus be kept alive for several hours to days for experiments. These organs come from organ donations, which must always be released by the donor with his(...)
  • In biology and environmental chemistry, the term “persistence” denotes the property of substances to persist in the environment over long periods of time while remaining unchanged by physical, chemical or biological processes.
  • Latin pestis - plague and caedere - kill. Man-made chemical substances used to kill, displace or inhibit reproduction of organisms regarded as annoying or harmful. Generic term for all plant protection products and substances for pest control.
  • Latin pestis - plague and caedere - kill. Man-made chemical substances used to kill, displace or inhibit reproduction of organisms regarded as annoying or harmful. Generic term for all plant protection products and substances for pest control.
  • Latin pestis - plague and caedere - kill. Man-made chemical substances used to kill, displace or inhibit reproduction of organisms regarded as annoying or harmful. Generic term for all plant protection products and substances for pest control.
  • Latin, short for pondus/potentia hydrogenii - weight/power of hydrogen. Dimensionless measure of the acidic or alkaline (basic) reaction of an aqueous solution. The pH of a nanoparticle suspension affects the behaviour of particles in the solution (agglomeration, solubility, suspensibility).
  • Latin, short for pondus/potentia hydrogenii - weight/power of hydrogen. Dimensionless measure of the acidic or alkaline (basic) reaction of an aqueous solution. The pH of a nanoparticle suspension affects the behaviour of particles in the solution (agglomeration, solubility, suspensibility).
  • Greek phagein - to eat. Mechanism of uptake from particles to small cells in a single eukaryotic cell. Usually, particles are taken up by the cells as membrane-bound aggregates, i.e. large aggregates in vesicles, vacuoles or lamellar bodies (cell compartments surrounded by membranes) through(...)
  • Ability of some nano materials (e.g. TiO2) to speed up a certain reaction ("photoreaction") as a catalyst in combination with light (sunlight, ultraviolet light). In the case of TiO2, for example, influenced by sunlight radicals (see also ROS) are formed, which decompose organic materials.(...)
  • Ability of some nano materials (e.g. TiO2) to speed up a certain reaction ("photoreaction") as a catalyst in combination with light (sunlight, ultraviolet light). In the case of TiO2, for example, influenced by sunlight radicals (see also ROS) are formed, which decompose organic materials.(...)
  • Ability of some nano materials (e.g. TiO2) to speed up a certain reaction ("photoreaction") as a catalyst in combination with light (sunlight, ultraviolet light). In the case of TiO2, for example, influenced by sunlight radicals (see also ROS) are formed, which decompose organic materials.(...)
  • Is the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.
  • Nanoparticles, which can affiliate to a bigger linked system (agglomerate, aggregate).
  • Crystaline nanoparticle that exhibits size-dependent properties due to quantum confinement effects on the electronic states. See also ISO/TS 27687:2008 (E), International Organization for Standardization
  • nitrogen compounds with four organic moieties bound to the nitrogen atom leading to a positive charge of the molecule
  • Is calculated from an estimated exposure (PEC), divided by an estimated effect (PNEC). If a value less than 1, then there is an acceptable risk. In contrast, if the RQ greater than 1, there is an unacceptable level of risk and measures to reduce exposure should be taken.
  • Is calculated from an estimated exposure (PEC), divided by an estimated effect (PNEC). If a value less than 1, then there is an acceptable risk. In contrast, if the RQ greater than 1, there is an unacceptable level of risk and measures to reduce exposure should be taken.
  • Latin secernere - segregate. Release of important substances for the organism (for example hormones, digestive enzymes) by specialised cells, especially glandular cells. The substances themselves are called secretions
  • Caused by deposition or settling of particles (e.g. sand, suspended solids or organic remains) on land or in waters under the influence of cold, wind and water.
  • Abbreviation for Scanning Electron Microscope. A device to study smallest samples by scanning the object using electron beams. The resulting images are detailed illustrations of the object surfaces and have a great depth of field.
  • Technical process, in which granular or powdery materials are mixed and then connected to each other by heating. They are baked together (similar to the burning clay or porcelain). The substances are heated to temperatures which are below the melting temperatures of the substance or at least(...)
  • Also called intelligent textiles. They are able to sense stimuli from the environment, to react to them and adapt to them by integration of functionalities in the textile structure. The stimulus and response can have an electrical, thermal, chemical, magnetic or other origin.
  • Also called intelligent textiles. They are able to sense stimuli from the environment, to react to them and adapt to them by integration of functionalities in the textile structure. The stimulus and response can have an electrical, thermal, chemical, magnetic or other origin.
  • Also called intelligent textiles. They are able to sense stimuli from the environment, to react to them and adapt to them by integration of functionalities in the textile structure. The stimulus and response can have an electrical, thermal, chemical, magnetic or other origin.
  • The solubility of a substance indicates whether and to what extent a substance in a solvent (usually a liquid) can be solved. It describes the property of a substance to be evenly mixed with the solvent. Inorganic nanoparticles (mostly metals and metal oxides) decompose into ions. The(...)
  • The solubility of a substance indicates whether and to what extent a substance in a solvent (usually a liquid) can be solved. It describes the property of a substance to be evenly mixed with the solvent. Inorganic nanoparticles (mostly metals and metal oxides) decompose into ions. The(...)
  • Auxiliary substances that contribute significantly to obtaining or maintaining a stable condition. This can for example be a certain particle size (preventing the agglomeration), or composition. Commonly used stabilising agents for nanomaterials include citrate, phosphates, or polymers such as(...)
  • Auxiliary substances that contribute significantly to obtaining or maintaining a stable condition. This can for example be a certain particle size (preventing the agglomeration), or composition. Commonly used stabilising agents for nanomaterials include citrate, phosphates, or polymers such as(...)
  • Auxiliary substances that contribute significantly to obtaining or maintaining a stable condition. This can for example be a certain particle size (preventing the agglomeration), or composition. Commonly used stabilising agents for nanomaterials include citrate, phosphates, or polymers such as(...)
  • Auxiliary substances that contribute significantly to obtaining or maintaining a stable condition. This can for example be a certain particle size (preventing the agglomeration), or composition. Commonly used stabilising agents for nanomaterials include citrate, phosphates, or polymers such as(...)
  • Refers to a course or effect, which is located between acute and chronic, e.g. a less intense course, in time neither fast nor slow running.
  • Is the electric charge present at the interface of the nanoparticle surface with a polar fluid such as water. The water contains positive and negative ions, which interact with the particle surface. If the number of adsorbed e.g. positive ions exceeds the number of negative ions, surface(...)
  • are gaps in an otherwise regular arrangement of atoms. These vacancies are responsible for exceptional properties of some nanomaterials such as high reactivity. In many cases, however, surface effects are undesirable and covered by surface coatings.
  • Are chemical changes on the surfaces of nanomaterials, which are commonly employed to impart certain improved properties to the surface of nanomaterials, e.g. improved solubility, resistance to UV light or scratch resistance.
  • "Concerning a system of organs" or "concerning the whole organism".
  • Denotes in the science of strength of materials the maximum force per original cross-sectional area (stress) that a sample can tolerate before it breaks. It is determined by a tensile test. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_testing
  • Short for threshold limit value.
  • Literal meaning „from top to bottom“. Production process starting from large units and proceeding with comminution (for example, cutting or grinding).
  • Refers to the hazardous potential of a substance. Hence, to develop adverse reactions in cells and living organisms, and to compromise functionality, which can lead to the death of an organism. It can be distinguished as direct and indirect toxicity. In the first case the toxicity of the(...)
  • Refers to the hazardous potential of a substance. Hence, to develop adverse reactions in cells and living organisms, and to compromise functionality, which can lead to the death of an organism. It can be distinguished as direct and indirect toxicity. In the first case the toxicity of the(...)
  • Refers to the hazardous potential of a substance. Hence, to develop adverse reactions in cells and living organisms, and to compromise functionality, which can lead to the death of an organism. It can be distinguished as direct and indirect toxicity. In the first case the toxicity of the(...)
  • Greek words τοξικός - toxicos - poisonous and logos - study of the adverse effects of poison
  • Weak non-covalent interactions between atoms and molecules.
  • Weak non-covalent interactions between atoms and molecules.
  • Latin vesicula – small bubble. Round or oval compartments that are approximately 100 nm in diameter. Vesicles are located in the cells and are surrounded by separating layers (membranes).
  • Latin vesicula – small bubble. Round or oval compartments that are approximately 100 nm in diameter. Vesicles are located in the cells and are surrounded by separating layers (membranes).
  • Set of activities aiming at prevention, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and residual disposition of solid wastes.
  • Are chemical reactions that are carried out in a solvent (not necessarily water).
  • Are chemical reactions that are carried out in a solvent (not necessarily water).
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) characterised the properties of bio persistent fibers. This refers to inorganic fiber dusts (except asbestos fibers) with a length > 5 microns, a diameter 3:1.
  • Also ζ-potential, is the electrical potential at the contact layer of a moving particle with an aqueous solution (suspension). Thus, within the same suspensions, it is a relative measure of the surface potential and thus the charge of the particle. For the measurement of the zeta potential,(...)
  • Also ζ-potential, is the electrical potential at the contact layer of a moving particle with an aqueous solution (suspension). Thus, within the same suspensions, it is a relative measure of the surface potential and thus the charge of the particle. For the measurement of the zeta potential,(...)
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